Figure 1.

Stages of diabetic cardiomyopathy. An overview of the current understanding of the stages of diabetic cardiomyopathy progression, from the initial onset of hyperglycemia and diastolic dysfunction, through the later stages of hypertrophy, angiopathy, ischemia, and heart failure with systolic and diastolic dysfunction. The initial diastolic dysfunction that characterizes the early stages of diabetic cardiomyopathy can be viewed as just the tip of the iceberg if left untreated in people with T2DM. AGEs, advanced glycation end-products; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.