TABLE 3.

Advances in the uses of nanoparticles in glioma therapy and diagnosis.

Use	Experimental setting and nanoparticle type
Nanocarrier: Drug bioavailability/therapeutic efficacy enhancer •Usually loaded with drugs such as doxorubicin or biological agents such as siRNA (Yu et al., 2017) •Usually functionalized with ligands of common GBM membrane proteins	Preclinical: •In vivo: PLGA-NP (Sousa et al., 2019; Ye et al., 2019; Caban-Toktas et al., 2020; Chung et al., 2020), RGD-NP (Ullah et al., 2020), oleic acid NP (Wang H. et al., 2020) •In vitro only: PLGA-NP (Luque-Michel et al., 2019; Ferreira et al., 2020; Roberts et al., 2020), ethyl arachidate (TPLN) (Alves et al., 2020), FONP (Daniel et al., 2019), pSiNPs
Standalone therapy	Preclinical •In vitro: Selenium NP (Xu et al., 2020), MNP (Shen et al., 2017) •In vivo: MP (Cheng Y. et al., 2016; Kim et al., 2010)
Drug sensitizer	Temozolomide: direct attenuation on EGFR and MET signaling, through delivered miRNAs (Meng et al., 2020)
Imaging technologies enhancer	Fluorescence: USPION (Denora et al., 2019)
Magnetic hyperthermia	Clinical •Phase I and II: SPION (Maier-Hauff et al., 2007; Wegscheid et al., 2014)
	Preclinical •In vivo: SPIONa (Rego et al., 2019, 2020; Shi et al., 2019)
Sonodynamic therapy	Preclinical •In vivo: (Liang et al., 2020)
Radiotherapy enhancer	Charged particles
	•Proton (Martinez-Rovira et al., 2020) •Helium •Carbon •Oxygen
	Photon therapy (X-rays) •In vitro only: AuNP (Kunoh et al., 2019) •In vivo: FA-AuNC (Kefayat et al., 2019), PEGylated-AgNP (Zhao et al., 2019), PEGylated-liposome (Hua et al., 2018), AGuIX (Dufort et al., 2019)*
Photodynamic therapy enhancer	Preclinical •In vivo: 5-ALA (Wang X. et al., 2020), AuNS (Zhu et al., 2020)a, ICG (ZhuGe et al., 2019)
Immunotherapy enhancer	Functionalization with anti-PDL1 (Ruan et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2019)

SPION, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles; USPION, ultrasmall SPION; PLGA, poly-lactide-co-glycolic acid; PEG, polyethylene glycol; RGD, arginyl-glycyl-aspartic tripeptide; TPLN, FONP, fluorescent organic nanoparticles; pSiNPs, porous silicon nanoparticles; terpolymer-lipid nanoparticles; MP, permalloy magnetic particles; FA-AuNC, folic acid gold nanoclusters; AuNP, gold nanoparticles, AgNP, silver nanoparticles; AGuIX, gadolinium-based nanoparticle; 5-ALA, 5-aminolevulinic acid; AuNS, gold nanospheres; ICG, indocyanine green; HSPA5, heat shock protein A5r4t. *Theranostic NP: Possesses diagnostic and therapeutic functions. ^aImprove CT/MRI imaging and also works as radiosensitizer by AuNS properties and loading an HSPA inhibitor.