Table 1.
Metabolic outcomes of exogenous MDP treatment in vivo
| Reference(s) | Model | MDP | Dose | Response |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aging | ||||
| Kim et al. (23) | Aged mice | HNG | 5 mg·kg−1·day−1 | ↑Hippocampus Akt and ERK phosphorylation |
| Qin et al. (47) | Aged mice | HNG | 4 mg·kg−1·2× wk−1 | ↓Reduced myocardial fibrosis |
| Yen et al. (56) | Aged mice | HNG | 4 mg·kg−1·2× wk−1 | ↑Metabolic healthspan, ↔lifespan |
| Lee et al. (31) | Aged mice | MOTS-c | 5 mg·kg−1·day−1 | ↑Insulin sensitivity |
| Reynolds et al. (50) | Aged mice | MOTS-c | 15 mg·kg·3× wk | ↑Lifespan, ↓aging markers |
| Exercise | ||||
| Reynolds et al. (50) | Treadmill run (mice) | MOTS-c | 5–15 mg·kg−1·day−1 | ↑Performance |
| Cardiovascular | ||||
| Oh et al. (45), Zhang et al. (59) | apoE-deficient mice | HNGF6A | 0.4 mg·kg−1·day−1 | ↑Aortic function, ↓atherogenesis |
| Wei et al. (52) | Rat; vitamin D3 + nicotine | MOTS-c | 5 mg·kg−1·day−1 | ↓Vascular calcification |
| Metabolic | ||||
| Han et al. (14) | APP/PS1 mice | HNG | 50–100 μg·kg−1·day−1 | ↓IRS-1, ↑Akt phosphorylation in brain |
| Lu et al. (35) | Cold exposure (mice) | MOTS-c | 5 mg·kg−1·day−1 | ↑Cold adaptation (browning WAT and BAT response) |
| Li et al. (32) | d-Galactose-treated mice | MOTS-c | 10 mg·kg−1·day−1 | ↓Hepatic lipid accumulation |
| Gong et al. (12) | DIO mice | HNG | 2 mg·kg−1·day−1 | ↓Fat mass and tissue lipid, ↑glucose homeostasis |
| Mehta et al. (38), Kim et al. (24) | DIO mice | HNG, SHLP2, MOTS-c | 2.5 mg·kg−1·day−1 | ↓Metabolic disease metabolite signatures in blood |
| Lee et al. (31) | DIO mice | MOTS-c | 0.5–5 mg·kg−1·day−1 | ↑Insulin sensitivity, ↓fat mass and tissue lipid |
| Kuliawat et al. (27) | Rat | HNGF6A | 0.07 mg·kg−1·h−1 | ↑GSIS |
| Cobb et al. (6) | Rats and mice | SHLP2, SHLP3 | icv 0.16 μg·kg−1·min−1, 2 mg·kg−1·BID−1 | SHLP2 ↑insulin sensitivity, SHLP3 ↑IL-6 and MCP-1 |
| Muzumdar et al. (44) | Rat: icv and iv | HNGF6A | 20 μg icv, 0.05 mg·kg−1·h iv−1 | ↑Insulin sensitivity |
| Muzumdar et al. (44) | Diabetic rat | HNGF6A | 100 ug | ↓Blood glucose |
| Lu et al. (36) | Ovariectomy mice | MOTS-c | 5 mg·kg−1·day−1 | ↓Fat mass, ↓lipid, ↑glucose homeostasis |
APP/PS1, amyloid precursor protein/presenilin-1; BAT, brown adipose tissue; DIO, diet induced obesity; GSIS, glucose stimulated insulin secretion; HNG/HNGF6A, humanin analogs; icv, intracerebroventricular; iv, intravenous; MDP, mitochondrial-derived peptide WAT, white adipose tissue. ↑Increase; ↓decrease.