Table 3.
Effects of sex steroids on the brain and the main neuroendocrine factors involved the regulation of gonadotrope function: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gnrh), Kiss and Dopamine (DA).
| Species | Stage | Gnrh | Kiss | DA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black porgy (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) |
immature M | E2, no effects on Gnrh1 (51) | ||
| Indian Catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) |
pre-spawning F but not in resting phase | E2 ↑ DA (226) | ||
| Asian catfish (Clarias Batrachus) |
juvenile M and F | EE2 ↑ th and DA; MT ↓ th and DA (227) | ||
| European eel (Anguilla anguilla) |
F silver eels | E2 ↑ IRGnrh (228) | ||
| E2 ↑ Gnrh1; T and Androstenedione ↓ Gnrh2 (229) | ||||
| prepubertal F | T and DHT (not E2) ↑ th (230) | |||
| Goldfish (Carassius auratus) |
adult F | E2 ↑ Kiss2 (191) | ||
| sexually regressed and recrudescent F | T and E2 ↑ pituitary DA turnover in sexually regressed fish but only T in recrudescent fish (231) | |||
| Masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) |
yearling M | MT ↑ Gnrh3 (232) | ||
| yearling F | MT, no effects on Gnrh3 (232) | |||
| immature F | MT ↑ Gnrh3 (89) | |||
| Medaka (Oryzias latipes) |
embryos | E2 ↓ Gnrh expression (233) | ||
| adult M and F | E2, no effects (90) | |||
| adult F | E2 ↑ Kiss1 but not Kiss2 (193) | |||
| Orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) |
adult F | E2 ↓ kiss2 but not kiss1 (92) | ||
| MT-induced M | MT ↑ kiss2 (234) | |||
| immature F | E2 and T ↓ Gnrh (235) | MT ↓ kiss2 (234) | ||
| Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) |
immature triploid F | E2 and T ↑ Gnrh3 (102) | ||
| immature fish | E2, no effect on Gnrh1 or Gnrh2 (236) | |||
| immature M | T ↑ Gnrh (100) | |||
| vitellogenic F | E2 ↑ Th (106) | |||
| recrudescent F | E2 ↑ DA and DA metabolites (93) | |||
| Sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) |
vitellogenic F | E2 ↓ Gnrh1 (111) | E2, no effects on Kiss1 or Kiss2 (111) | |
| mid-vitellogenic F but not in early recrudescence | T, unclear effects on Kiss1 and Kiss2 (237) | |||
| recrudescent M | T, no effects on Gnrh1 (111) | T ↓ Kiss2 (111) | ||
| Spotted scat (Scatophagus argus) |
adult F | E2 ↓ Gnrh1 (238) | ||
| Zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
immature fish | E2 ↑ Kiss1 and Kiss2 (239) |
M, Males; F, Females.