Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of male study participants with NAFLD by smoking status.
| Characteristics | Smoking status | p-value | Multiple comparison | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Never smoker (a) | Former smoker (b) | Current smoker (c) | |||
| Number (%) | 2,315 (100%) | 842 (36.4%) | 780 (33.7%) | 693 (29.9%) | ||
| Age (years) | 49.1 ± 13.2 | 47.7 ± 13.2 | 55.0 ± 12.5 | 46.5 ± 12.3 | <0.001 | a ≠ b ≠ c |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.6 ± 3.8 | 27.0 ± 3.8 | 26.4 ± 3.6 | 26.3 ± 3.8 | <0.001 | a ≠ b, a ≠ c |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 90.7 ± 9.2 | 91.8 ± 9.3 | 91.0 ± 9.2 | 89.6 ± 9.0 | <0.001 | a ≠ b ≠ c |
| Obesity, n (%) | 1,354 (62.8%) | 541 (66.9%) | 432 (60.3%) | 381 (60.5%) | 0.053 | |
| Alcohol intake, n (%) | 747 (38.7%) | 219 (29.7%) | 242 (41.0%) | 286 (45.5%) | <0.001 | a ≠ b, a ≠ c |
| Regular exercise, n (%) | 1,729 (78.7%) | 619 (77.8%) | 615 (81.8%) | 495 (77.6%) | 0.506 | |
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 93 (2.2%) | 31 (1.5%) | 44 (4.2%) | 18 (1.5%) | 0.031 | a ≠ b, b ≠ c |
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 83 (2.6%) | 30 (4.0%) | 42 (3.6%) | 11 (0.6%) | 0.011 | a ≠ c, b ≠ c |
| Metabolic syndrome, n (%) | 1,548 (59.2%) | 582 (62.2%) | 556 (60.2%) | 410 (55.7%) | 0.273 | |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 421 (11.2%) | 148 (9.4%) | 171 (13.2%) | 102 (11.7%) | 0.073 | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 1,131 (33.6%) | 421 (34.7%) | 447 (41.6%) | 263 (27.2%) | <0.001 | a ≠ b ≠ c |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 130 ± 18 | 131 ± 19 | 133 ± 18 | 127 ± 15 | <0.001 | a ≠ c, b ≠ c |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80 ± 10 | 81 ± 10 | 81 ± 10 | 80 ± 10 | <0.001 | a ≠ c, b ≠ c |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 96 ± 31 | 96 ± 31 | 98 ± 32 | 95 ± 29 | <0.001 | a ≠ c, b ≠ c |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 220 ± 44 | 221 ± 42 | 215 ± 45 | 223 ± 45 | 0.179 | |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 133 ± 40 | 135 ± 40 | 129 ± 38 | 134 ± 42 | 0.184 | |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 40 ± 8.9 | 40 ± 8.4 | 40 ± 8.3 | 38 ± 9.6 | <0.001 | a ≠ c, b ≠ c |
| Non-HDL-C (mg/dL) | 180 ± 42 | 180 ± 39 | 175 ± 42 | 184 ± 43 | 0.031 | b ≠ c |
| Total cholesterol to HDL-C ratio | 5.7 ± 1.3 | 5.6 ± 1.2 | 5.5 ± 1.2 | 6.0 ± 1.4 | <0.001 | a ≠ c, b ≠ c |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 245 ± 130 | 226 ± 115 | 246 ± 132 | 261 ± 140 | <0.001 | a ≠ c, b ≠ c |
| Handgrip strength (kg) | 38.6 ± 8.6 | 38.7 ± 9.1 | 36.8 ± 8.2 | 39.7 ± 8.1 | <0.001 | a ≠ b ≠ c |
A p-value <0.05 indicates statistical significance.
Data presented as number and percentage or mean ± standard deviation. LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Chi-square test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare the baseline characteristics of study participants among the smoking status categories. Post hoc multiple comparison analysis was performed with Bonferroni correction.
a ≠ b ≠ c: Statistically significant difference among never smoker (a), former smoker (b), and current smoker (c).
a ≠ b, a ≠ c: Statistically significant difference between never smoker (a) and former smoker (b), and between never smoker (a) and current smoker (c); however, there was no significant difference between former smoker (b) and current smoker (c).
b ≠ c: Statistically significant difference between former smoker (b) and current smoker (c).
a ≠ b, b ≠ c: Statistically significant difference between never smoker (a) and former smoker (b), and between former smoker (b) and current smoker (c); however, there was no significant difference between never smoker (a) and current smoker (c).