Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of female study participants with NAFLD by smoking status.
| Characteristics | Smoking status | p-value | Multiple comparison | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Never smoker (a) | Former smoker (b) | Current smoker (c) | |||
| Number (%) | 5,214 (100%) | 4,839 (92.8%) | 204 (3.9%) | 171 (3.3%) | ||
| Age (years) | 49.6 ± 13.6 | 49.2 ± 13.5 | 59.9 ± 12.5 | 55.7 ± 13.1 | <0.001 | a ≠ b ≠ c |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.8 ± 4.3 | 26.9 ± 4.3 | 25.4 ± 4.5 | 24.8 ± 3.7 | <0.001 | a ≠ b, a ≠ c |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 85.9 ± 9.3 | 86.0 ± 9.3 | 84.7 ± 9.1 | 82.9 ± 8.8 | <0.001 | a ≠ c |
| Obesity, n (%) | 3,181 (64.3%) | 3,004 (65.1%) | 101 (55.4%) | 76 (41.6%) | 0.001 | a ≠ c |
| Alcohol intake, n (%) | 619 (15.6%) | 563 (15.6%) | 28 (17.1%) | 28 (15.1%) | 0.879 | |
| Regular exercise, n (%) | 3,743 (81.1%) | 3,490 (81.1%) | 131 (75.7%) | 122 (83.9%) | 0.391 | |
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 169 (2.2%) | 153 (2.2%) | 9 (2.4%) | 7 (1.9%) | 0.873 | |
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 127 (2.0%) | 118 (2.0%) | 7 (2.0%) | 2 (0.6%) | 0.135 | |
| Metabolic syndrome, n (%) | 2,228 (36.4%) | 2,056 (36.4%) | 106 (58.3%) | 66 (37.7%) | 0.010 | a ≠ b |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 917 (13.2%) | 846 (13.2%) | 44 (16.1%) | 27 (11.4%) | 0.678 | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 2,330 (33.1%) | 2,154 (32.7%) | 104 (45.7%) | 72 (35.1%) | 0.171 | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 127 ± 19 | 127 ± 18 | 132 ± 18 | 125 ± 21 | 0.009 | a ≠ b, b ≠ c |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 77 ± 10 | 77 ± 10 | 79 ± 10 | 75 ± 11 | 0.053 | |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 95 ± 34 | 95 ± 34 | 104 ± 38 | 99 ± 28 | 0.101 | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 219 ± 45 | 219 ± 45 | 228 ± 49 | 220 ± 47 | 0.634 | |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 138 ± 41 | 138 ± 41 | 144 ± 45 | 140 ± 41 | 0.961 | |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 45 ± 10 | 46 ± 10 | 44 ± 10 | 44 ± 11 | 0.023 | a ≠ c |
| Non-HDL-C (mg/dL) | 174 ± 43 | 173 ± 43 | 185 ± 46 | 176 ± 44 | 0.432 | |
| Total cholesterol to HDL-C ratio | 5.0 ± 1.3 | 5.0 ± 1.3 | 5.4 ± 1.3 | 5.2 ± 1.3 | 0.052 | |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 179 ± 101 | 179 ± 101 | 206 ± 107 | 180 ± 91 | 0.024 | a ≠ b |
| Handgrip strength (kg) | 24.9 ± 5.8 | 25.0 ± 5.7 | 22.2 ± 5.5 | 23.0 ± 5.7 | <0.001 | a ≠ b, a ≠ c |
A p-value <0.05 indicates statistical significance.
Data presented as number and percentage or mean ± standard deviation. LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Chi-square test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare the baseline characteristics of study participants among the smoking status categories. Post hoc multiple comparison analysis was performed with Bonferroni correction.
a ≠ b ≠ c: Statistically significant difference among never smoker (a), former smoker (b), and current smoker (c).
a ≠ b, a ≠ c: Statistically significant difference between never smoker (a) and former smoker (b), and between never smoker (a) and current smoker (c); however, there was no significant difference between former smoker (b) and current smoker (c).
b ≠ c: Statistically significant difference between former smoker (b) and current smoker (c).
a ≠ b, b ≠ c: Statistically significant difference between never smoker (a) and former smoker (b), and between former smoker (b) and current smoker (c); however, there was no significant difference between never smoker (a) and current smoker (c).