Table 3.

Characteristics of the studies included in the review (n = 21)

	Study	Year	Data type	Disaster phase	Country	World Bank status	Disaster type	Technologies	Purposes for technologies	Intended users	Challenges described?
1	Broach et al. 22	2018	Mixed method	Preparedness response	United States of America	High income	Mass casualty incident drills	Augmented reality with wearable smart glasses	Telemedicine Damage assessment: Triage	First responders paramedics	Yes
2	Cao et al. 13	2017	Quantitative	Preparedness	China	Middle income	Virtual facility fires	Immersive virtual reality	Real‐time stressful environment Evacuation route decision‐making environment	All	Yes
3	Carenzo et al. 23	2015	Qualitative	Preparedness response	Italy	High income	Mass casualty incident drills	Augmented reality with wearable smart glasses	Telemedicine Damage assessment: Triage	First responders paramedics	Yes
4	Dorozhkin et al. 10	2017	Quantitative	Preparedness	United States of America	High income	Virtual facility fires: OR	Immersive virtual reality simulation	First responder training: OR fire response	First responders surgeon, nurses, anesthesiologist	Yes
5	Dubovsky et al. 15	2017	Quantitative	Preparedness	United States of America	High income	Virtual mass casualty incidents: ED	Computerized virtual reality simulation	First responder training: ED triage	First responders ED nurses	Yes
6	Farra et al. 11	2019	Mixed methods	Preparedness	United States of America	High income	Virtual miscellaneous disasters: NICU	Immersive virtual reality simulation	First responder training: NICU evacuation	First responders NICU workers	Yes
7	Farra et al. 16	2015	Quantitative	Preparedness	United States of America	High income	Virtual radiation‐related disaster	Computerized virtual reality simulation	First responder training: Decontamination	Students nurse students	Yes
8	Ferrandini Price et al. 12	2018	Quantitative	Preparedness	Spain	High income	Virtual mass casualty incidents	Immersive virtual reality simulation Full‐scale simulation	First responder training: Triage	Students nurse students	Yes
9	Follmann et al. 24	2019	Quantitative	Preparedness response	Germany	High income	Mass casualty incident drills	Augmented reality with wearable smart glasses	Telemedicine Damage assessment: Triage	First responders paramedics	Yes
10	Jain et al. 17	2016	Quantitative	Preparedness	Canada	High income	Virtual mass casualty incidents	Computerized virtual reality simulation	First responder training: Triage	Students/paramedical students	Yes
11	Kinateder et al. 14	2019	Quantitative	Preparedness	Germany	High income	Virtual facility fires	Immersive virtual reality environment	Evacuation route decision making	All	Yes
12	Ko et al. 25	2014	Qualitative	Prevention/Mitigation preparedness Response resilience	United States of America	High income	Simulated hurricane/food poisoning/power shortage/traffics	Computational visual analytics simulation platform	Damage assessment Improve various disaster management/decision making Early warning system coverage/high‐risk maps for preparedness Risk planning	National government (nonmilitary) Community	Yes
13	Lugi Ingrassia et al. 20	2015	Quantitative	Preparedness	Italy	High income	Virtual mass casualty incidents	Computerized virtual reality simulation Full‐scale simulation	First responder training: Triage	Students/medical students	Yes
14	Mills et al. 18	2019	Quantitative	Preparedness	Australia	High income	Virtual mass casualty incidents	Computerized virtual reality simulation	First responder training: Triage	Students (paramedical students)	Yes
15	Ngo et al. 19	2016	Mixed method	Preparedness	United States of America	High income	Virtual earthquake/hazmat/dirty bomb mass casualty incidents	Computerized virtual reality simulation Full‐scale simulation	First responder training Improve various disaster management/decision making	First responders EM residents	Yes
16	Smith et al. 9	2018	Mixed method	Preparedness	United States of America	High income	Virtual radiation‐related disaster	Immersive virtual reality simulation	First responder training Decontamination	Students/nurse students	Yes
17	So et al. 30	2019	Mixed method	Preparedness	United States of America	High income	Virtual smallpox outbreak	Virtual tabletop exercise simulation	Improve various disaster management/decision making Risk planning	National government (nonmilitary)	Yes
18	Unver et al. 21	2018	Quantitative	Preparedness	Turkey	Middle income	Earthquake drills	Full‐scale simulation	First responder training triage/first aid	Students/nurse students	Yes
19	Weichelt et al. 31	2018	Quantitative	Preparedness response	United States of America	High income	Facility fire drills	Augmented reality with hazard analysis Visual mapping display	Coverage/high‐risk maps for preparedness Improve various disaster management/decision making	National government (nonmilitary) Community First responders	Yes
20	Winkler et al. 26	2018	Quantitative	Prevention/Mitigation preparedness Response Resilience	Austria	High income	Simulated flooding	Computational virtual reality analytics simulation	Coverage/high‐risk maps for preparedness Improve various disaster management/decision making Risk planning	National government (nonmilitary) Community	No
21	Wu et al. 27	2019	Quantitative	Resilience	Taiwan	High income	Explosion	Virtual reality leap motion control	Rehabilitation for hand burn Biofeedback and training of fine motor function	Patients/survivor	Yes