Figure 2.

Possible mechanisms involved in the pharmacological effects of honey on COVID-19. Honey activates the immune system, suppresses mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and pro-inflammatory cytokines. It initiates autophagy by inhibiting proteasomal activity and mTOR signals. Besides, honey has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic effects. As comorbidities increase the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection, honey can be proved beneficial as well in developing comorbidities situation in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals.