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. 2020 Dec 21;6(12):e05798. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05798

Table 1.

Effects of honey on various pathophysiological conditions.

Models Source of honey Effects of honey on mechanisms involved Ref.
Bacteria Manuka Honey
  • -

    Lowering pH, osmotic effect of sugars, and H2O2

  • -

    Inhibition of biofilm activity against Escherichia coli O 157:H7

 [14, 84, 100]
Fungus Commercial honey (Nigeria)
  • -

    Prevention of biofilm formation and making changes to exo-polysaccharide

  • -

    Synthesis of hydrogen peroxide in water-diluted honey could be the possible reason

 [14, 87]
Virus Manuka Honey Interruption in viral transcription, and translation [25]
Rats Tualang Honey Decreased glucose level in type-2 diabetes mellitus [19]
Rats Tuscany honey
  • -

    Reduced formation of fats and proteins in diabetic rat

  • -

    Inhibition of alpha-glucosidase activities

 [69]
Rats (liver cells) Tuscany honey Suppressing PTP1B while encouraging alteration in serum lipid profiles and expression of insulin receptor [69]
Rat MGO
  • -

    Reduced wound size

  • -

    Increase urine osmolarity, osmolar clearance, creatinine clearance, and free water clearance

 [101]
Human Natural honey Prevention of platelet aggregation, extend APPT, PT, and TT while decreasing amount of fibrinogen in platelet-poor plasma [78]
Human (peripheral blood) European honey bee (Apis mellifera) Mitogenic effect on both B- and T lymphocyte [49]
Rat (breast cancer) Tualang Honey Increase IFN-γ and IFNGR1 at serum level [48]
Human Manuka Honey
  • -

    Reduction of IL-8/CXCL8, IL-1β, MMP-9, and TNF-α release while increasing IL-10 and IL-1ra release from the neutrophils

  • -

    Reduction in neutrophil extracellular trap formation (NETosis)

 [102]
Human Manuka Honey Increase the concentration of cytokines [52]
Influenza B virus MGO Inhibition of influenza B virus replication by MGO [92]
Human MGO Induction of cell death by autophagy and inhibition of the ROS-derived Akt/mTOR signaling pathway [103]
Mouse MGO Increase in MCP-1 and TNF-α in RAW264.7 macrophages [104]

Interleukin-IL, Monocyte chemoattractant protein-MCP-1, Matrix metalloproteinase 9- MMP-9, Partial prothrombin time (APTT), Prothrombin time (PT), Thrombin time (TT), Interferon-gamma- IFN-γ, Interferon-gamma receptor 1-IFNGR1, TNFα- Tumor Necrosis Factor α, MIC- Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, Methylglyoxal -MGO, Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B -PTP1B, Neutrophil extracellular trap formation- NETosis.