Table 1.
Dose- and age-dependent effects of IL-1 on learning and memory.
| References | Brain region | Animal model and compound concentrations | Age | Task | Effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Goshen (2007) | Hippocampus | IL-1ra overexpression; IL-1ra 100 μg/mouse IL-1β low 1 ng or high 10 ng/mouse | Mice 2–4 months old | Contextual fear conditioning; water maze | Deficit |
| Brennan (2003); Yirmiya (2002) | Low-dose IL-1β 1–3 μg/kg; IL-1β 10 ng/rat | Brennan: rats 2-month-old Yirmiya: rats 6–8 months old | Passive avoidance | Improvement | |
| Goshen (2007); Yirmiya (2002) | High-dose IL-1β 6–1000 μg/kg; IL-1ra 100 μg/rat | Yirmiya: rats 6–8 months old | Fear conditioning; passive avoidance | Deficit | |
| Takemiya (2017) | IL-1ra knockout; IL-1β knockout; | Mice 3 and 6 months old | Water maze | Deficit for young mice | |
| Avital (2003); Matousek (2010); Moore (2009) | IL-1 receptor type 1 knockout or IL-1β overexpression | Avita: mice 2–4 months old; others: adult mice | Contextual fear conditioning; water maze (spatial version) | Deficit | |
| Avita (2003); Goshen (2007); Gonzalez (2009) | Amygdala; non- hippocampal-dependent tests | IL-1ra knockout; IL-1ra overexpression; IL-1ra 100 μg/mouse IL-1β low 1 ng or high 10 ng/mouse; IL-1β 5 ng/hippocampus | Mice 2–4 months old | Auditory cued fear conditioning; water maze (visual version) | No effect |
IL: interleukin.