Table.
The influence and mechanism of gut microbiota on immune responses.
| Gut microbiota | Mechanism | Function |
|---|---|---|
| Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii | Promote mucus secretion | Facilitate goblet cell differentiation (Wrzosek et al., 2013) |
| Firmicutes | Butyric acid | Promote epithelial barrier function: 1) regulate the development of intestinal macrophages (Koh et al., 2016); 2) stimulate the expression level of NLRC3 (Cheng et al., 2018); 3) repress the claudin-2 protein expression depending on IL-10RA (Zheng et al., 2017) |
| Lactobacillus | Enhance the secretion of TNF-α and IL-12 in dendritic cells | Strengthen the body antiviral response (Drakes et al., 2004) |
| Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium | Increase the concentration of SIgA; Up regulate the expression level of Foxp3 |
Enhance the humoral immunity response (Helgeland et al., 2010) Curtail excessive immune response (Rinaldi et al., 2018) |
| Bifidobacterium | Stimulate the secretion of IL-1 and IL-6; Reduce the contents of lipopolysaccharide and proinflammatory factor |
Enhance humoral immunity response (Zhu et al., 2018); Promote the differentiation of Th cells (Myszka and Klinger, 2014); Alleviate intestinal inflammation (Yan et al., 2019) |
| Bacillus subtilis | Regulate the differentiation of Tregs and Th17 cells | Keep the balance between Tregs and Th17 cells (Lee et al., 2012) |
| Bacteroides fragilis | Polysaccharide A | Influence the Th1 immune response (Horai et al., 2017) and accelerate the differentiation of Treg cells (Round et al., 2011) |
| Segmented filamentous bacteria | Induce SAA, TGF-β, IL-6, IL-23 secretion | Induce the differentiation of Th17 cell (Ivanov et al., 2009) |
| Clostridium | Stimulate the secretion of TGF-β, and increase the expression of Foxp3 | Induce the proliferation and differentiation of Tregs (Tinoco-Veras et al., 2017) |
NLRC3 = nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor 3; IL-10RA = interleukin 10 receptor α subunit; TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor α; SIgA = secretory immunoglobulin A; Foxp3 = fork head/winged helix transcription factor p3; Th = T helper; Treg = regulatory T; SAA = serum amyloid protein A; TGF-β = transforming growth factor β.