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. 2020 Jun 26;49(4):1270–1281. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyaa082

Table 1.

Observational associations with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)

Trait Controls GORD cases P-value Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)
N 345 744 33 969
Male [N (%)] 159 150 (46.03%) 15 825 (46.59%) 0.67 1.00 (0.98–1.03)
Age (years) ± SD 57.04 ± 8.04 59.25 ± 7.4 <1 × 10−15 1.04 (1.04–1.04)
Townsend Deprivation Index ± SD −1.5 ± 2.98 −1.22 ± 3.12 <1 × 10−15 1.11 (1.10–1.13)
Ever smoked [N (%)]

  • Ever: 153 287 (44.35%)

  • Never: 187 836 (54.33%)

  • Missing: 4621 (1.34%)

  • Ever: 17 076 (50.27%)

  • Never: 16 383 (48.23%)

  • Missing: 511 (1.5%)

 <1 × 10−15 1.22 (1.19–1.25)
Current smokers [N (%)]

  • Smoker: 32 664 (9.45%)

  • Non-smoker: 308 459 (89.22%)

  • Missing: 4621 (1.34%)

  • Smoker: 3276 (9.64%)

  • Non-smoker: 30 182 (88.85%)

  • Missing: 511 (1.5%)

 3 × 10−7 1.10 (1.06–1.15)
Cigarettes per day ± SD 18.4 ± 10.09 19.8 ± 10.91 <1 × 10−15 1.12 (1.10–1.14)
Caffeinated-coffee drinkers [N (%)]

  • Drinker: 221 046 (63.93%)

  • Non-drinker: 71 128 (20.57%)

  • Missing: 53 570 (15.49%)

  • Drinker: 19 971 (58.79%)

  • Non-drinker: 8093 (23.82%)

  • Missing: 5905 (17.38%)

 <1 × 10−15 0.79 (0.77–0.81)
Caffeinated-coffee cups per day ± SD 2.63 ± 2.05 2.64 ± 2.12 0.003 1.02 (1.01–1.04)
Body mass index (kg/m2) ± SD 27.26 ± 4.74 28.59 ± 4.93 <1 × 10−15 1.28 (1.27–1.29)
Waist–hip ratio ± SD 0.87 ± 0.09 0.89 ± 0.09 <1 × 10−15 1.43* (1.41–1.46)
Waist–hip ratio (males) ± SD 0.87 ± 0.09 0.95 ± 0.07 <1 × 10−15 1.36 (1.33–1.39)
Waist–hip ratio (females) ± SD 0.81 ± 0.07 0.84 ± 0.07 <1 × 10−15 1.49 (1.46–1.52)
Waist circumference ± SD 89.95 ± 13.51 93.68 ± 13.07 <1 × 10−15 1.33 (1.31–1.36)
Body-fat percentage ± SD 31.12 ± 8.48 33.26 ± 8.69 <1 × 10−15 1.53 (1.50–1.55)

Table showing statistical differences in demographics between our primary GORD definition and controls in the UK Biobank. All p-values and odds ratios were calculated adjusted for age and sex. Cigarettes per day and caffeinated-coffee units were only defined in smokers and coffee drinkers. N for continuous variables: Coffee—241 016; Smoking—122 363; Townsend Deprivation Index—379 245; body mass index—378 214; waist–hip ratio—378 974; waist–hip ratio (male)—174 633; waist–hip ratio (female)—204 341; waist circumference—379 049; body-fat percentage—372 848. *when additionally adjusted for body mass index, OR = 1.29 (1.27–1.31).