Table 8.
Average Costs for a Case of Enteric Fever for Children and Adults in Nepal and Other Countries
| SEAP | Other Studies | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nepal | Bangladesh [8]a | Pakistan [9] | Nepal [5] | India [6] | Tanzania [15]b | Vietnam [7]c | Chinac [7] | Indonesia [7] | Pakistan [7]d | India [7] | |
| All patients | |||||||||||
| Direct (medical and nonmedical), $ | 111.72 | … | $383.46 | $101.46 | $55.11 | $30.27 | $59.34 | $175.78 | $88.83 | $64.98 | $9.82 |
| Indirect (days of work/sick leave/school lost) | 14.29 | … | 24.42 | 22 | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Indirect cost of patients and caregivers, $ | 21.02 | … | $56.34 | $35.29 | $48.02 | $146.55 | $8.99 | $45.25 | $65.53 | $13.00 | $8.18 |
| Adults (≥18 years) | |||||||||||
| Direct (medical and nonmedical), $ | 107.25 | … | $441.43 | … | … | … | … | $226.25 | $163.10 | … | … |
| Indirect (days of work/sick leave/school lost) | 10.75 | … | 30.80 | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Indirect cost of patients and caregivers, $ | 28.38 | … | $145.35 | … | … | $128.28 | … | $62.65 | $125.23 | … | … |
| Children (<18 years) | |||||||||||
| Direct (medical and nonmedical), $ | 119.11 | $123.47 | $362.95 | … | … | … | $59.34 | $99.20 | $43.69 | $64.98 | $8.17 |
| Indirect (days of work/sick leave/school lost) | 20.14 | 13.87 | 22.17 | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| Indirect cost of caregivers, $ | 11.53 | $3.14 | $24.84 | … | … | $172.65 | $8.99 | $17.40 | $33.49 | $13.00 | $4.90 |
| Study characteristics | |||||||||||
| Perspective | Patient and caregiver | Patient and provider | Patient | Societal | Patient and provider | ||||||
| Type of enteric fever | Typhoid and paratyphoid | Typhoid | Typhoid | Typhoid | Typhoid | ||||||
| Indirect costs | Only adults (≥18 years) | Working children and adults | Children and adults | Children and adults | Children and adults | ||||||
Data are presented in 2018 US dollars. Results from other countries were adjusted by inflating local currencies using local inflation rates and then exchanging to US dollars. The studies in this table have methodological differences that prevent them to be directly comparable. Sources: references 5–9, 15.
aOnly includes children <18 years and indirect costs correspond exclusively to caregivers.
bIn this study children are ≤15 years.
cIn this study children are 5–17 years.
dIn this study children are 2–15 years.