Table 1.

Drug pharmacology^5,6

Drug class	Clinical experience	Mechanism	Rationale for use in COVID-19	Dosage	Adverse effects
Colchicine-alkaloid Antigout agent	GRECCO-19 trial17	Exerts anti-inflammatory and IM effects by inhibition of tubulin polymerization causing disruption of cytoskeletal functions and inhibition of nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome assembly	Might diminish or ameliorate the COVID-19 inflammatory storm associated with severe forms of the disease by suppressing proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines 2	0.5 mg/day for 1 week	Common: Diarrhea, vomiting
		Inhibit the synthesis of TNF–alpha, IL-6, monocyte migration, and the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-9			Serious: Myelosuppression
Methylprednisolone Synthetic corticosteroid	Fadel et al.15	Binds to and activates specific nuclear receptors, resulting in altered gene expression and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production	With potent anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic properties, low doses of corticosteroids may prevent an extended cytokine response and may accelerate resolution of pulmonary and systemic inflammation in pneumonia	1 mg/kg in two divided doses for 5 days	Cardiovascular: Congestive heart failure Endocrine metabolic: Cushing's syndrome, hyperglycemia, primary adrenocortical insufficiency Hepatic: hepatotoxicity Musculoskeletal: Osteoporosis
Hydroxychloroquine	Borba et al.24	Impairs the terminal glycosylation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, which is the binding site for the envelope spike glycoprotein and has been shown to inhibit endolysosome function	As inhibitors of heme polymerase, they are also believed to have additional antiviral activity via alkalinization of the phagolysosome, which inhibits the pH-dependent steps of viral replication	400 mg Day 1	QT interval prolongation
Alkylated 4-amino-quinolines	Chorin et al.25			200 mg × 5 days	Cardiomyopathy
Anti-malarial					Hypoglycemia
Tocilizumab Humanized monoclonal antibody directed against IL-6 receptor	Klopfenstein et al.14 Guaraldi et al.15	Humanized monoclonal antibody targeting both forms of the IL-6 receptor (membrane-bound and soluble)	Blocking the IL-6 pathway might reduce the vigorous inflammatory response reducing the cytokine storm	8 mg/kg (up to a maximum of 800 mg per dose), with an interval of 12 hours	Gastrointestinal: Gastrointestinal perforation, pancreatitis Hematologic: Decreased platelet count, neutropenia Hepatic: Hepatotoxicity Immunologic: Anaphylaxis, hypersensitivity reaction, opportunistic infection, tuberculosis
Etoricoxib Selective COX-2 inhibitor	Sander et al.31	COX-2 inhibition directly responsible for downstream production of PGE2	Prostaglandin E2 as a modulator of viral Infections	90 mg OD for 5 days	CNS Headache Heart: Chest pain, high blood pressure, and fluid retention Metabolic: Taste disturbances, mouth ulcer, loss of appetite, and weight loss