TABLE 2.
Sex Differences and TLRs in Hypertension
| Observation | Local | Hypertension Classification | Role on Hypertension | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | ||||
| Increased expression or activity of TLR | ||||
| TLR3/TLR5/TLR6 | Renal cortex | SHR | Immune response | 137 |
| TLR4/TLR6 | MRA | SHR | Immune response | 137 |
| TLR1/TLR3/TLR6/TLR7 | Platelets | Basal BP levels | Associated cardiovascular risk | 138 |
| TLR5/TLR7/TLR10 | Platelets | Basal BP levels | factors with body mass index Associated cardiovascular risk factors with the total cholesterol to HDL ratio | 138 |
| Increased expression or activity of the TLR ligand | ||||
| mtDNA (TLR9) | Aorta | SHR | Decreased proinflammatory cytokines and prevented oxidative stress | 136 |
| Polymorphism | ||||
| TLR6—Ser249Pro | Serum/heart | Hypertension | Lower LV and reduced proinflammatory response | 139 |
| TLR4—Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile | Serum | Basal BP levels | No association with myocardial infarction | 142 |
| Male | ||||
| Increased expression or activity of TLR | ||||
| TLR7 | Renal cortex | SHR | Immune response | 137 |
| TLR1/TLR2/TLR3 | Platelets | Basal BP levels | Associated cardiovascular risk factors with lipid treatment | 138 |
| TLR8 | Platelets | Basal BP levels | Associated cardiovascular risk factors with hypertensive treatment | 138 |
| Increased expression or activity of the TLR ligand | ||||
| mtDNA (TLR9) | Aorta | SHR | Increased proinflammatory cytokines and higher contractility | 136 |
| Polymorphism | ||||
| TLR6—Ser249Pro | Serum/heart | Hypertension | No changes in echocardiographic features | 139 |
| TLR4—Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile | Serum | Basal BP levels | Increased risk of myocardial infarction | 142 |
| TLR4 knockout mice | Heart | Cardiac hypertrophy | Less-severe LV dysfunction | 140 and 141 |
| Pregnancy | ||||
| Increased expression or activity of TLR | ||||
| TLR2/TLR4/TLR3/TLR7/TLR8/TLR9 | Trophoblast and placenta surface | Women with preeclampsia | Classical markers of preeclampsia | 144–146 |
| Increased expression or activity of the TLR ligand | ||||
| Poly I:C/R-837/CLO97 (TLR3/TLR7/TLR8) | Placenta | Preeclampsia (animal model) | Classical markers of preeclampsia: Impaired relaxation, elevated systolic blood pressures, increased urinary protein concentrations, and malformed pups/litter | 93 and 146 |
| CpG oligonucleotide (TLR9) | MRA | Preeclampsia (animal model) | Classical markers of preeclampsia: Increased systolic blood pressure and resistance artery contraction and decreased fetal weight | 88 and 150 |
LV, left ventricle; MRA, mesenteric resistance artery.