Unadjusted and Stratified Cox-Proportional Models of Vulnerable Populations and Vulnerable Subgroups for Mortality. Models were adjusted based on potential confounders with p<0.1 from Table 1 and Table 2. *Sex and/or BMI were forced into the models based on a priori knowledge. VP: Stratified by HF and COPD, and adjusted for sex*, BMI≥30 kg/m2*, hypertension, DM, CAD, smoking history, cancer history, chronic renal disease, ACEI/ARB, aspirin, and NSAIDS. Elderly: Stratified by COPD, and adjusted for sex*, BMI≥30 kg/m2, racial/ethnic minority, SES disadvantage, hypertension, DM, CAD, HF, smoking history, asthma, cancer history, HIV, chronic renal disease, ACEI/ARB, aspirin, NSAIDs, and steroids. Racial/Ethnic Minorities: Adjusted for age≥65 years, sex, BMI≥30 kg/m2, SES disadvantage, hypertension, DM, HF, asthma, and chronic renal disease. SES Disadvantage: Adjusted for age≥65 years, sex*, BMI≥30 kg/m2, racial/ethnic minority, HF, COPD, cancer history, HIV, chronic renal disease, and NSAIDs. VP denotes vulnerable populations; SES, socioeconomic status; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; body mass index, BMI; coronary artery disease, CAD; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD; human immunodeficiency virus, HIV; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers, ACEI/ARB; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAIDs.