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. 2020 Dec 17;15:10321–10330. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S285895

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© 2020 Fan et al.

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A schematic illustration of size-dependent antibacterial immunity of S. aureus protoplast-derived particulate vaccines. Briefly, protoplasts were prepared by treating with lysozyme to remove the cell wall of S. aureus. Then the protoplasts were extruded serially through polycarbonate membranes to obtain different sizes of PDNVs. As a control group, EVs were prepared from the supernatant of bacterial cultures by ultracentrifugation. When injected subcutaneously into mice, PDNVs displayed size-dependent antibacterial immunity (iDC, immature DC; mDC, mature DC).