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Factors associated with extubation failure in extremely preterm infants. Immature respiratory drive, airway abnormalities, immature lungs stiff from surfactant deficiency, inflammation or fibrosis, pliable rib cage and chest wall, and pulmonary over-circulation with edema from a left to right shunt such as patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) contribute to extubation failure. (Copyright Girija G. Konduri and Satyan Lakshminrusimha)
