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The mechanism of action of itaconate/4-octyl itaconate in the alleviation of ALI. The chemical structure of itaconate and its derivative 4-octyl itaconate (A). 4-octyl itaconate activates antioxidant genes in the nucleus through the Nrf-2 protein. The Nrf-2 protein might reduce the production of mitochondrial ROS, as well as the release of inflammatory factors such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 (B).
