TABLE 3.
The nanoparticles formulations of celastrol.
| Nanocarrier classification | Nanocarrier composition | Encapsulation method | Particle Size (nm) | Cell lines | Cancer type | Feature | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carrier-free | — | Physical encapsulation | 125.7 | MCF-7/MDR | Breast cancer | Overcoming drug resistance | (Xiao et al., 2018) |
| Exosomal | Exosomes (isolated from bovine raw milk) | Physical encapsulation | 106 ± 9 | A549 and H1299 | Lung cancer | Enhance its efficacy and reduce dose related toxicity | (Aqil et al., 2016) |
| Liposomes | Phospholipid, cholesterol, tween-80 | Physical encapsulation | 89.6 ± 7.3 | Lewis cells | Lung carcinoma | Improve effective permeability; inhibit the tumor growth | (Song et al., 2011) |
| Liposomes | SPC, sodium deoxycholate | Physical encapsulation | 128.1 ± 39.5 | U251, C6 and SHG44 | Glioma | Increase the bioavailability and reduce the side effects | (Huang et al., 2012) |
| Liposomes | Gala-PEG-DSPE, SPC, cholesterol | Physical encapsulation | 139.4 ± 2.7 | HepG2 | Liver cancer | Improve the water solubility; enhance the therapeutic effect and reduce its adverse effects | (Chen et al., 2020) |
| Polymeric micelles | PEG-b-PCL | Physical encapsulation | 48 | SO-Rb 50 | Retinoblastoma | Improve the hydrophilicity; inhibit the growth and induce apoptosis | (Li, Wu, et al., 2012) |
| Polymeric micelles | CTTP-CSOSA, NH2-PEG2000-NH2 | Physical encapsulation | 63.5 ± 18.0 | MCF-7 | Breast cancer | pH-sensitive; mitochondrial targeting | (Tan et al., 2018) |
| Polymeric micelles | TET-CSOSA, NH2-PEG2000-NH2 | Physical encapsulation | 82.5 ± 3.6 | 4T1 | Breast cancer | avb3- targeted; improve antitumor metastasis therapy | (Zhao et al., 2018) |
| Phospholipid complex | SPC, PEG 400 | Physical encapsulation | 178.4 ± 7.07 | — | — | Improve solubility and oral bioavailability | (Freag, Saleh, and Abdallah 2018b) |
| Phospholipid complex | CS, HPMC, protamine, SPC | Physical encapsulation | 180.4 ± 6.16 | — | — | Improve the absorption; higher bioavailability | (Freag, Saleh, and Abdallah 2018a) |
| Nanoparticles | PCL, tween 80 | Physical encapsulation | 75.4 | LNCaP | Prostatic cancer | Improve the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution | (Yin et al., 2017) |
| Nanoparticles | SPC, TPGS, F68, IPM, glyceryl behenate | Physical encapsulation | 90.2 ± 9.7 | B16BL6 | Melanoma | Enhance the percutaneous penetration and antimelanoma efficacy | (Chen et al., 2012) |
| Nanoparticles | CPP, precirol ATO-5, 1944CS, F68, TPGS, soybean lecithin | Physical encapsulation | 126.7 ± 9.2 | PC-3 and RM-1 | Prostate cancer | Improve the hydrophilicity; enhance antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo; No signifcant adverse effects | (Yuan et al., 2013) |
| Lipid nanospheres | Lecithin, sodium oleate, soybean oil | Physical encapsulation | 150 | — | — | Enhance the oral bioavailability | (Zhang et al., 2014) |
| Nanoparticles | PCL, F-127 | Physical encapsulation | 175.5 ± 4.7 | LNCaP, DU-145 and PC3 | Prostate cancer | Exhibit remarkable antiproliferative activities | (Sanna et al., 2015) |
| Nanoparticles | PEG-PLGA, neutrophil membrane | Physical encapsulation | 167.4 ± 2.6 | Panc02 | Pancreatic carcinoma | Enhance tumor inhibition which significantly prolonging the survival of tumor bearing mice and minimizing liver metastases | (Cao et al., 2019) |
| Nanoparticles | SF | Physical encapsulation | 292.7 ± 28.1 | — | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | Improve pharmacokinetic properties | (Onyeabor et al., 2019) |
| Nanoparticles | PEG-PLGA, neutrophil membranes | Physical encapsulation | — | B16F10 | Melanoma | Neutrophils-targeted; prolong blood circulation; improve antitumor efficacy | (Zhou et al., 2019) |
| Inorganic systems | Glucose, PEI, MSN | Physical encapsulation | 615 | HeLa and A549 | Cervical cancer; Lung cancer | Glucose-targeted; enhance anti-cancer activity; Did not induce any toxicity | (Niemela et al., 2015) |
| Inorganic systems | TiO2 | Physical encapsulation | width about 80 nm and length range from 200 to 5,000 nm | HepG2 | Liver cancer | Enhance the cytotoxicity of celastrol; reduce the side-effect | (Li et al., 2011) |
| Dendrimers | G5 PAMAM, PEG | Chemical conjugation | 40 | SW620 | Colorectal cancer | Aptamers-targeted; reduce the side-effect | (Ge et al., 2020) |
SPC, soybean phosphatidylcholine; gala-PEG-DSPE, galactose-modified 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-poly(ethylene glycol); PCL, poly-(ε-caprolactone); PEG-b-PCL, poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone); CTPP, (4-Carboxybutyl) triphenylphosphonium bromide; SA, stearic acid; CSO, chitosan oligosaccharide; CS, laminated chitosan; HPMC, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; TPGS, d-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate 1000; IPM, isopropyl myristate; CPP, cell-penetrating peptides; 1944CS, labrafil® M 1944CS; F68, Pluronic F68; SF, silk fibroin; PEI, poly(ethylene imine); MSNs, mesoporous silica nanoparticles; TiO2, titanium dioxide; PAMAM, hydroxyl terminus poly(amidoamine).