TABLE 4.
The anticancer nano/micro-systems for celastrol and therapeutic drugs co-delivery.
| Nanocarrier classification | Nanocarrier composition | Combination drug | Encapsulation method | Particle Size (nm) | Cell lines | Cancer type | Feature | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liposomes | Coix oil, RH40, PEG400, SPC, cholesterol | STS | Physical encapsulation | 94.8 ± 3.6 | MCF-7 | Breast cancer | Sequential drug release; Display diminished systemic toxicity | (Qu et al., 2018) |
| Liposomes | DPPC, SPC, GNR-DSPE-PEG, cholesterol | STS | Physical encapsulation | 122.6 ± 0.6 | MCF-7 | Breast cancer | Photothermal-triggered; sequential drug release; display diminished systemic toxicity | (Qin et al., 2020) |
| Polymeric micelles | Celastrol-PEG-G Rh2 | Ginsenoside Rh2 | Chemical conjugation | 121.53 ± 2.35 | A549 | Lung cancer | pH-sensitive; precisely release anticancer drugs and improve synergistic anti-lung cancer effect | (Li et al., 2017) |
| Nanoparticles | AEAA-PEG-BAP | Mitoxantrone | Physical encapsulation | 112 ± 6 | BPD6 and D4M | Desmoplastic melanoma | pH-sensitive and reduction-sensitive; reduce drug exposure and side-effects | (Liu et al., 2018) |
| Nanoparticles | SF | Triptolide | Physical encapsulation | TP: 166.4 ± 4.6 CL: 170.4 ± 2.3 | MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 | Pancreatic cancer | Increase the growth inhibition | (Ding et al., 2017) |
| Nanoparticles | HA, BSA, soybean oil | MT | Physical encapsulation | 205.7 ± 5.4 | Panc02 | Pancreatic cancer | CD44 targeted; enhance tumor inhibition; alleviate the adverse effect and improve the safety | (Hu et al., 2019) |
| Microemulsions | DSPE-PEG-Tf, PEG 400, 1944CS, HS15 | β-elemene | Physical encapsulation | 69.2 ± 3.3 | A549 | Lung cancer | TF-targeted; exhibit enhanced antitumour activity; did not cause the obvious systemic toxicity | (Zhang Q. et al., 2019) |
| Microemulsions | TF, PEG 400 | Coix seed oil | Physical encapsulation | 27.7 | HeLa | Cervical cancer | TF-targeted, enhance tumortargeting; facilitate deep penetration of drugs; enhance antitumor efficacy with little toxicity | (Guo et al., 2019) |
| Composite nanoparticles (MSN + Lipid) | MSN, cholesterol B, NBD-PC, DPPC, DSPE-PEG2000 | Axitinib | Physical encapsulation | 120 | SCC-7, BT-474 and SH-SY5Y | Squamous carcinoma, breast cancer and neuroblastoma | Enhance antitumor efficacy | (Choi et al., 2016) |
SPC, soybean phosphatidylcholine; STS, sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate; DPPC, 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; GNR-DSPE-PEG, gold nanorods-1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamineN-[amino (polyethylene glycol); PEG, poly(ethylene glycol); G Rh2, ginsenoside Rh2; BAP, bis(acryloyloxymethyl)propionate; AEAA, aminoethylanisamide; SF, silk fibroin; HA, hyaluronic acid; BSA, bovine serum albumin; MT, 1-methyltryptophan; DSPE-PEG-Tf, transferrinmodified 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamineN-[amino (polyethylene glycol); 1944CS, labrafil® M 1944CS; HS15, kolliphor® HS15; TF, transferrin; MSNs, mesoporous silica nanoparticles; NBD-PC, 1-palmitoyl-2-(6-[(7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxa diazol-4-yl) amino]hexanoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.