Table 2.
Community Fixed-Effect Regression Models Predicting the Height-for-Age Z Scores among Children (ages 10–15) in India, IHDS-II 2011–12
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | 95% C.I. | b | 95% C.I. | b | 95% C.I. | b | 95% C.I. | b | 95% C.I. | |
| Father’s migration status | ||||||||||
| Non-migrant (ref.) | ||||||||||
| Returned migrant | −0.14 | [−0.28 – 0.00] | 0.24 | [−0.25 – 0.72] | −0.09 | [−0.25 – 0.08] | −0.11 | [−0.49 – 0.27] | −0.37 | [−0.75 – 0.00] |
| Current migrant | 0.02 | [−0.12 – 0.16] | −0.77 | [−1.42 – −0.12] | −0.04 | [−0.23 – 0.16] | −0.15 | [−0.52 – 0.23] | 0.05 | [−0.35 – 0.45] |
| Interaction with the level of socioeconomic development | ||||||||||
| Returned migrant × other urban | −0.51 | [−1.14 – 0.13] | ||||||||
| Returned migrant × more-developed rural | −0.37 | [−0.91 – 0.18] | ||||||||
| Returned migrant × less-developed rural | −0.35 | [−0.87 – 0.17] | ||||||||
| Current migrant × other urban | 0.86 | [0.13 – 1.58] | ||||||||
| Current migrant × more-developed rural | 0.74 | [0.05 – 1.43] | ||||||||
| Current migrant × less-developed rural | 0.83 | [0.15 – 1.51] | ||||||||
| Interaction with the child’s gender | ||||||||||
| Girls | −0.17 | [−0.22 − −0.12] | −0.17 | [−0.22 − −0.12] | −0.17 | [−0.23 − −0.12] | −0.10 | [−0.20 – 0.00] | −0.06 | [−0.16 – 0.04] |
| Returned migrant × girls | −0.09 | [−0.30 – 0.12] | −0.28 | [−0.76 – 0.20] | 0.12 | [−0.30 – 0.55] | ||||
| Current migrant × girls | 0.12 | [−0.10 – 0.34] | 0.27 | [−0.16 – 0.70] | 0.09 | [−0.39 – 0.57] | ||||
| Interaction with community gender context | ||||||||||
| Returned migrant × son preference | 0.03 | [−1.03 – 1.09] | ||||||||
| Current migrant × son preference | 0.34 | [−0.73 – 1.41] | ||||||||
| Girls × son preference | −0.29 | [−0.61 – 0.04] | ||||||||
| Returned migrant × girls × son preference | 0.63 | [−0.72 – 1.98] | ||||||||
| Current migrant × girls × son preference | −0.43 | [−1.68 – 0.82] | ||||||||
| Returned migrant × purdah practice | 0.35 | [−0.13 – 0.83] | ||||||||
| Current migrant × purdah practice | −0.14 | [−0.66 – 0.38] | ||||||||
| Girls × purdah practice | −0.18 | [−0.32 − −0.04] | ||||||||
| Returned migrant × girls × purdah practice | −0.24 | [−0.81 – 0.32] | ||||||||
| Current migrant × girls × purdah practice | 0.07 | [−0.55 – 0.69] | ||||||||
| Age (in month) | −0.03 | [−0.05 − −0.02] | −0.03 | [−0.05 − −0.02] | −0.03 | [−0.05 − −0.02] | −0.03 | [−0.05 − −0.02] | −0.03 | [−0.05 − −0.02] |
| Age squared | 0.00 | [0.00 – 0.00] | 0.00 | [0.00 – 0.00] | 0.00 | [0.00 – 0.00] | 0.00 | [0.00 – 0.00] | 0.00 | [0.00 – 0.00] |
| Mother’s age | 0.03 | [0.02 – 0.04] | 0.03 | [0.02 – 0.04] | 0.03 | [0.02 – 0.04] | 0.03 | [0.02 – 0.04] | 0.03 | [0.02 – 0.04] |
| Mother’s height | 0.05 | [0.04 – 0.05] | 0.05 | [0.04 – 0.05] | 0.05 | [0.04 – 0.05] | 0.05 | [0.04 – 0.05] | 0.05 | [0.04 – 0.05] |
| Mother’s years of education | 0.01 | [−0.00 – 0.02] | 0.01 | [−0.00 – 0.02] | 0.01 | [−0.00 – 0.02] | 0.01 | [−0.00 – 0.02] | 0.01 | [−0.00 – 0.02] |
| Father’s years of education | −0.00 | [−0.01 – 0.01] | −0.00 | [−0.01 – 0.01] | −0.00 | [−0.01 – 0.01] | −0.00 | [−0.01 – 0.01] | −0.00 | [−0.01 – 0.01] |
| Coresidence with grandparents | −0.02 | [−0.09 – 0.05] | −0.02 | [−0.09 – 0.05] | −0.02 | [−0.09 – 0.05] | −0.02 | [−0.09 – 0.05] | −0.02 | [−0.09 – 0.05] |
| Number of children in the household | −0.06 | [−0.10 − −0.03] | −0.06 | [−0.09 − −0.03] | −0.06 | [−0.09 − −0.03] | −0.06 | [−0.10 − −0.03] | −0.06 | [−0.09 − −0.03] |
| Any children under age 5 | −0.15 | [−0.30 – 0.01] | −0.15 | [−0.30 – 0.01] | −0.15 | [−0.30 – 0.01] | −0.15 | [−0.30 – 0.01] | −0.15 | [−0.30 – 0.01] |
| Birth order | −0.06 | [−0.09 − −0.04] | −0.06 | [−0.09 − −0.04] | −0.06 | [−0.09 − −0.04] | −0.06 | [−0.09 − −0.04] | −0.06 | [−0.09 − −0.04] |
| Caste and religious groups | ||||||||||
| Forward caste (ref.) | ||||||||||
| OBC | −0.13 | [−0.23 − −0.02] | −0.12 | [−0.23 − −0.02] | −0.13 | [−0.23 − −0.02] | −0.13 | [−0.23 − −0.02] | −0.13 | [−0.23 − −0.02] |
| Dalit | −0.11 | [−0.23 – 0.00] | −0.11 | [−0.23 – 0.00] | −0.11 | [−0.23 – 0.00] | −0.11 | [−0.23 – 0.00] | −0.11 | [−0.23 – 0.00] |
| Adivasi | −0.18 | [−0.36 − −0.00] | −0.18 | [−0.36 − −0.00] | −0.18 | [−0.36 − −0.00] | −0.18 | [−0.36 − −0.00] | −0.19 | [−0.37 − −0.01] |
| Muslim | −0.14 | [−0.30 – 0.03] | −0.14 | [−0.30 – 0.03] | −0.14 | [−0.30 – 0.03] | −0.14 | [−0.30 – 0.03] | −0.14 | [−0.30 – 0.02] |
| Christian, Sikh, and Jain | −0.19 | [−0.42 – 0.03] | −0.19 | [−0.42 – 0.03] | −0.20 | [−0.42 – 0.03] | −0.19 | [−0.42 – 0.03] | −0.20 | [−0.43 – 0.02] |
| Household assets | ||||||||||
| Poorest (ref.) | ||||||||||
| 2nd quintile | 0.19 | [0.07 – 0.30] | 0.19 | [0.07 – 0.30] | 0.19 | [0.07 – 0.30] | 0.19 | [0.07 – 0.30] | 0.19 | [0.07 – 0.30] |
| Middle quintile | 0.22 | [0.09 – 0.34] | 0.22 | [0.09 – 0.34] | 0.22 | [0.09 – 0.34] | 0.22 | [0.09 – 0.34] | 0.22 | [0.09 – 0.34] |
| 4th quintile | 0.34 | [0.20 – 0.48] | 0.34 | [0.19 – 0.48] | 0.34 | [0.20 – 0.48] | 0.34 | [0.19 – 0.48] | 0.34 | [0.19 – 0.48] |
| Richest | 0.53 | [0.37 – 0.70] | 0.53 | [0.37 – 0.70] | 0.54 | [0.37 – 0.70] | 0.53 | [0.37 – 0.70] | 0.53 | [0.37 – 0.70] |
| Constant | −6.18 | [−7.69 − −4.66] | −6.17 | [−7.69 − −4.65] | −6.37 | [−7.89 − −4.86] | −6.37 | [−7.89 − −4.86] | −6.38 | [−7.89 − −4.86] |
| Community fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||||
| Number of persons | 11,295 | 11,295 | 11,295 | 11,295 | 11,295 | |||||
| Number of communities | 2,131 | 2,131 | 2,131 | 2,131 | 2,131 | |||||
| Log Likelihood | −16846 | −16844 | −16845 | −16841 | −16839 | |||||