Table 1. Summary of osteological data (from [1, 10]) and analyses conducted on each skeleton.
| Sk No | Context | Age | Sex | Completeness | Dental Disease | Skeletal Pathology | Trauma | Dental Microwear | Micro-debris | Sr Pb, & O isotopes | Incremental dentine isotopes | Metaproteomics of calculus | Scurvy biomarkers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | F512 | 14–15½ | - | 60–70% | Calculus; caries; DEH; enamel chips | Sinusitis; narrow palate; inflammation of ulna (woven bone) & femora (lamellar bone); transitional vertebrae; pilasterism & torsion of femora | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
| 2 | F512 | 18–25 | M? | 10–20% | Calculus; periodontal disease; supernumerary incisor; possible pipe-smoking wear | Sinusitis; cribra orbitalia | X | X | X | X | X | ||
| 3 | F514 | 17–23 | M | 40–50% | - | Schmorl’s nodes; inflammation of both femora (lamellar bone) | |||||||
| 4 | F514 | 16–18 | - | 40–50% | - | Inflammation of both femora and tibiae (woven and lamellar bone) and left second metatarsal (woven bone) | |||||||
| 5 | F512 | 17–23 | M | 50–60% | Calculus; enamel chips; unusual wear | Schmorl’s nodes; sinusitis; transitional vertebra | X | X | X | X | X | ||
| 6 | F514 | 46+ | M | 60–70% | Calculus; supernumerary tooth; enamel chips | Schmorl’s nodes; OA of spine; OA of clavicles & right hip; Thoracic vertebrae 7–8 fused, large osteophytes between thoracic vertebrae 10–11; ossified cartilage; possible cysts in frontal and occipital bones; transitional vertebra | Possible soft-tissue trauma to nuchal crest; | X | X | X | X | X | |
| 7 | F514 | 16–19 | - | c. 5% | - | Inflammation of left femur (lamellar bone); possible residual rickets | |||||||
| 8/16A | F514 | 13–15 | - | 10–20% | - | Inflammation of left femur (lamellar bone), right tibia and both first metatarsals (transitional woven-lamellar bone) | X | ||||||
| 9 | F512 | 16–18 | (M?) | 5–10% | - | - | |||||||
| 10/11 | F514 | 16–18 | - | 10–20% | - | Oval hollow in right metatarsal; bowed left fibula | |||||||
| 12 | F512 | 17–23 | M? | 40–50% | Calculus; caries; DEH; 1 tooth NP/U; possible pipe-smoking wear; groove in lower incisor | Schmorl’s nodes; sinusitis; endocranial bone formation (transitional woven-lamellar bone) | Possible healed rib fracture | X | X | X | X | X | |
| 13 | F514 | 18–25 | M? | 20–30% | - | Pilasterism, slight bowing and torsion of right femur | |||||||
| 14 | F514 | 12–16 | - | 5–10% | - | Bones light and fragile, porous; trabecular bone in medullary cavities; inflammation of right tibia and fibula & first and fifth metatarsals (lamellar bone) | X | ||||||
| 15 | F512 | 16–20 | M | 5–10% | - | - | |||||||
| 16C | F514 | 18+ | U | c.5% | - | Thin sharp metatarsal shafts | |||||||
| 17/16B | F514 | 18+ | U | 5–10% | - | Inflammation of both tibiae (lamellar bone) | Possible soft tissue trauma to left calcaneus | ||||||
| 18 | F512 | 17–23 | M | 5–10% | - | - | |||||||
| 19 | F512 | 18–25 | M | 60–70% | Calculus; caries; DEH; abscess; uneven wear; enamel chips; slight crowding and rotation of teeth | - | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
| 20 | F512 | 18+ | U | 5–10% | - | - | |||||||
| 21 | F512 | 18–25 | M | 40–50% | Calculus; pipe-smoking wear | Schmorl’s nodes; sinusitis; developmental anomaly of cervical vertebra 5; endocranial bone formation (transitional woven-lamellar bone); slight bowing of radii and right humerus | Linear post-mortem damage to cranium while bone still ‘fresh’ | X | X | X | X | X | |
| 22 | F512 | 18–25 | M | 30–40% | Calculus; caries; DEH; periodontal disease; abscesses; fractured molar; enamel chips; 3 teeth NP/U; rotated molar | Schmorl’s nodes; cribra orbitalia | Small healed blade injury in frontal bone | X | X | X | X | X | |
| 23 | F512 | 17–19 | (M?) | 50–60% | Calculus; DEH; periodontal disease | Inflammation of mandible (woven bone), left humerus & right femur (lamellar bone); bowed humeri & right femur | X | X | X | X | X | ||
| 24 | F512 | 17–18 | (M?) | 30–40% | Calculus; caries; DEH | Sinusitis; subtle bowing of left humerus | X | X | X | ||||
| 25 | F512 | 15–17 | - | 10–20% | Calculus; caries; DEH; probable abscess; possible pipe-smoking wear | Inflammation of mandible (transitional woven-lamellar bone) | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
| 26/27C | F512 | 14–16 | - | 10–20% | - | Small hollow area in proximal left tibia | |||||||
| 27A | F512 | 36–45 | M | 20–30% | AMTL; Calculus; DEH; rotated teeth; diastema; impaction of permanent canine & retention of deciduous canine; fractured molar | Sinusitis | X | X | X | X | |||
| 27B | F512 | 16–18 | (M?) | 30–40% | - | - | |||||||
| 28 | F512 | 16–20 | M? | 40–50% | Calculus; caries; DEH; 2 teeth NP/U; periodontal disease; unusual wear patterns & amount of wear in excess of that expected for developmental age; enamel chips; notch in upper incisor | Possible cribra orbitalia; sinusitis; depression on left parietal bone; shallow olecranon fossa of right humerus | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Abbreviations: DEH: dental enamel hypoplasia, OA: osteoarthritis, NP: not present, U: unerupted, AMTL: ante-mortem tooth loss.