Table 3.
Generalized mixed ZINB model regression analysis to evaluate the COVID-19 spread.
| Items | Estimated coef | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| HICs | Reference Category | |
| LICs | −2.080 | −3.842, -0.311 |
| LMICs | −1.880 | −3.425, -0.332 |
| UMICs | −1.310 | −2.515, -0.114 |
| Air Deficiency | 0.028 | 0.004, 0.053 |
| Air Deficiency 10-year change | −0.020 | −0.142, 0.101 |
| Sanitation & Drinking Water 10-year change | 0.001 | −0.140, 0.143 |
| Heavy Metals 10-year change | 0.030 | −0.116, 0.177 |
| Biodiversity & Habitat | −0.001 | −0.019, 0.017 |
| Biodiversity & Habitat 10-year change | 0.005 | −0.028, 0.038 |
| Ecosystem Services | 0.006 | −0.009, 0.020 |
| Climate Change 10-year change | 0.0002 | −0.021, 0.021 |
| Pollution Emissions | −0.014 | −0.033, 0.006 |
| Pollution Emissions 10-year change | 0.009 | −0.004, 0.023 |
| Agriculture | −0.010 | −0.031, 0.011 |
| Agriculture 10-year change | −0.004 | −0.036, 0.029 |
| Days since first case:East Asia & Pacific | Reference Category | |
| Days since first case:Europe & Central Asia | 0.050 | 0.024, 0.075 |
| Days since first case:Latin America & Caribbean | 0.052 | 0.023, 0.080 |
| Days since first case:Middle East & North Africa | 0.053 | 0.023, 0.084 |
| Days since first case:North America | 0.111 | 0.050, 0.172 |
| Days since first case:South Asia | 0.077 | 0.036, 0.117 |
| Days since first case:Sub-Saharan Africa | 0.061 | 0.032, 0.090 |
| Days since first case:HICs | Reference Category | |
| Days since first case:LICs | 0.024 | −0.006, 0.054 |
| Days since first case:LMICs | 0.032 | 0.009, 0.054 |
| Days since first case:UMICs | 0.027 | 0.007, 0.046 |
Significant effects are shown in boldface. LMICs: Lower Middle-income countries; UMICs: Upper Middle-income countries; LICs: Low-income countries.
Generalized mixed ZINB models were also adjusted for days since the first case, World Bank region and government policy interventions.