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Regions of skull base defects. Vascular pedicled flap reconstruction may be required in the anterior skull base (frontal sinus, cribiform plate, and ethmoid sinus) highlighted in purple (A), the middle skull base (sphenoid sinus and sella turcica) highlighted in teal (M), or the posterior skull base (clivus) highlighted in gold (P). Selection of a specific pedicled flap for reconstruction is based on the anatomy of the defect (location and size), among other factors
