TABLE 1.
Characteristics of study participants based on presence and severity of depression
| Characteristics | Overall (n = 527) | Minimal depression (n = 57) | Mild depression (n = 338) | Moderate/severe depression (n = 132) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic characteristics n (%) | |||||
| Gender | |||||
| Boys | 223 (42.3) | 24 (42.1) | 154 (45.6) | 45 (34.1) | 0.545 |
| Girls | 304 (57.7) | 33 (57.9) | 184 (54.4) | 87 (65.9) | |
| Age categories | |||||
| 10–12 years | 266 (50.5) | 32 (56.1) | 192 (56.8) | 42 (31.8) | 0.002 * |
| 13–15 years | 153 (29.0) | 21 (36.8) | 97 (28.7) | 35 (26.5) | |
| 16–17 years | 108 (20.5) | 4 (7.0) | 49 (14.5) | 55 (41.7) | |
| Type of institution attended | |||||
| Government schools | 170 (32.3) | 15 (26.3) | 114 (33.7) | 41 (31.1) | ≤0.001 ** |
| Private schools | 249 (47.2) | 36 (63.2) | 176 (52.1) | 37 (28.0) | |
| Junior colleges | 108 (20.5) | 6 (10.5) | 48 (14.2) | 54 (40.9) | |
| Type of living arrangement | |||||
| Single‐parent family | 14 (2.7) | 7 (12.3) | 4 (1.2) | 3 (2.3) | 0.624 |
| Nuclear family | 336 (63.8) | 18 (31.6) | 236 (69.8) | 82 (62.1) | |
| Joint family a | 112 (21.3) | 13 (22.8) | 58 (17.2) | 41 (31.1) | |
| Extended family b | 65 (12.4) | 19 (33.3) | 40(11.8) | 6 (4.5) | |
| Mothers' employment status | |||||
| Works full time(≥6 h/day) | 108 (20.5) | 30 (52.6) | 47 (13.9) | 31 (28.0) | 0.321 |
| Works part time(<5 h/day) | 21(4.0) | 8 (14.0) | 10 (3.0) | 3 (2.3) | |
| Does not work outside home | 364 (69.1) | 19 (33.3) | 253 (74.9) | 92 (69.7) | |
| Does not know/no response | 34 (6.5) | 0 (0.0) | 28 (8.3) | 6 (4.5) | |
| Religion | |||||
| Hindu | 375 (71.2) | 33(57.9) | 280 (82.8) | 62 (47.0) | 0.762 |
| Muslim | 102 (19.3) | 18 (31.6) | 41(12.1) | 43 (32.6) | |
| Christian | 18 (3.4) | 3 (5.3) | 5 (1.5) | 10 (7.6) | |
| Others (Jain, Sikh, Parsi, Buddhist) | 32 (6.1) | 3 (5.3) | 12 (3.6) | 17 (12.9) | |
| Body weight status n (%) | |||||
| Body mass index c | |||||
| Underweight | 42 (8.0) | 13 (22.5) | 22 (6.5) | 7 (5.3) | 0.052 * |
| Normal weight | 246 (46.7) | 28 (49.1) | 165 (48.8) | 53 (40.2) | |
| Overweight | 125 (23.7) | 7 (12.3) | 78 (23.1) | 40 (30.3) | |
| Obese | 114 (21.6) | 9 (15.8) | 73 (21.6) | 32 (24.2) | |
| Eating habit characteristics n (%) | |||||
| Skips breakfast > thrice a week | 189 (35.9) | 22 (38.6) | 108 (32.0) | 59 (44.7) | 0.887 |
| Skips breakfast ≤ twice a week | 338 (64.1) | 35 (61.4) | 230 (68.0) | 73 (53.3) | |
| Family meals > twice a week | 160 (30.4) | 25 (43.9) | 103 (30.5) | 32 (24.2) | 0.034 * |
| Family meals ≤ once a week | 367 (69.6) | 32 (56.1) | 235 (69.5) | 100 (75.8) | |
| Eats out with friends > thrice a week | 157 (29.8) | 10 (17.5) | 73 (21.6) | 74 (56.1) | 0.297 |
| Eats out with friends ≤ twice a week | 370 (70.2) | 47 (82.5) | 265 (78.4) | 58 (43.9) | |
| Sleep quantity n (%) | |||||
| ≥7 h more than thrice a week | 287 (54.5) | 42 (73.7) | 191 (56.5) | 54 (40.9) | <0.001 ** |
| <6 h more than thrice a week | 240 (45.5) | 15 (26.3) | 147 (43.5) | 78 (59.1) | |
| Sleep quality n (%) | |||||
| Feels tired/sleep more than thrice a week | 255 (48.4) | 23 (40.4) | 188 (55.6) | 44 (33.3) | 0.081 |
| Trouble falling sleep more than thrice a week | 272 (51.6) | 34 (59.6) | 150 (44.4) | 88 (66.7) | |
Note: Values are number and percentages; p values indicate level of significance for difference in characteristics between participants reporting minimal depression (Patient Health Questionnaire modified for Adolescents [PHQ‐A] scores ≤4), mild (PHQ‐A scores 5–9) and moderate to severe depression (PHQ‐A scores ≥10).
Joint family indicates family where grandparents stay with parents of the participants in the same household.
Extended family indicates where uncles/aunts/cousins stay together. Mean depression score using PHQ‐A was 7.9 ± 2.5.
Body mass index (BMI) for age z scores are used to classify body weight status as underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese using World Health Organization (WHO) BMI for age cutoffs for 5–19 years.
p value ≤0.05.
p value ≤0.001.