Table 3. Seminal characteristics at baseline and after sperm preparation techniques.

Parameter	HBsAg (n=66)	Controls (n=68)	p-value
Volume (mL)	3.1 (1.2–4.4)	2.8 (1.2–4.8)	0.51
pH	7.6 (7.4–7.8)	7.8 (7.4–8.0)	0.46
Viability (%)	71.5 (58.0–78.0)	72.0 (66.0–78.0)	0.35
Concentration (sperm/mL)	31.5 (9.2–62.2)	22.5 (6.7–60.5)	0.42
Total sperm count	90.0 (23.4–228.4)	87.2 (15.8–187.9)	0.26
Progressive motility (%)	35.0 (16.2–45.0)	55.0 (40.0–62.7)	<0.001*
Non-progressive motility (%)	10.0 (10.0–20.0)	5.0 (5.0–10.0)	<0.001*
Morphology (%)	6.0 (4.0–6.2)	5.0 (4.0–5.2)	<0.001*
Concentration post (sperm/mL)	6.5 (1.2–17.0)	4.0 (1.0–10.0)	0.09
Motility post (%)	70.0 (40.0–90.0)	90.0 (80.0–95.0)	<0.001*

Values are presented as median (interquartile range).

HBsAg: hepatitis B surface antigen.

^*Statistical significance (p<0.05).