Table 5.

Comparative performance analysis of the proposed ensemble-SDCNN^a model with various state-of-the-art methods.

Comparative methods	MCb					SZc							MC + SZ
	F1	APd	ARe	ACCf	AUCg		F1	AP	AR	ACC	AUC	F1		AP	AR	ACC	AUC
LBPh and SVMi,j [46]	0.537	0.58	0.5	0.58	0.675		0.76	0.76	0.76	0.76	0.83	0.729		0.729	0.729	0.729	0.763
HoGk and SVMi [47]	0.797	0.796	0.798	0.797	0.863		0.85	0.85	0.85	0.85	0.90	0.822		0.823	0.821	0.821	0.882
ShuffleNeti [43]	0.747	0.771	0.727	0.748	0.84		0.875	0.876	0.873	0.873	0.937	0.884		0.885	0.883	0.884	0.936
InceptionV3i [44]	0.739	0.773	0.711	0.74	0.828		0.882	0.883	0.881	0.881	0.942	0.887		0.89	0.884	0.885	0.944
MobileNetV2i [45]	0.762	0.769	0.755	0.769	0.833		0.876	0.878	0.875	0.875	0.941	0.886		0.888	0.883	0.884	0.946
Santosh et al [41]	—l	—	—	0.79	0.88		—	—	—	0.86	0.93	—		—	—	—	—
Hwang et al [17]	—	—	—	0.674	0.884		—	—	—	0.837	0.926	—		—	—	—	—
ResNet50i [29]	0.788	0.796	0.78	0.79	0.886		0.877	0.877	0.877	0.876	0.94	0.88		0.881	0.878	0.879	0.921
ResNet101i [29]	0.8	0.821	0.782	0.798	0.895		0.864	0.865	0.862	0.861	0.934	0.859		0.862	0.857	0.858	0.923
Alfadhli et al [14]	—	0.81	0.79	0.791	0.89		—	—	—	—	—	—		—	—	—	—
GoogLeNeti [20,21]	0.834	0.851	0.818	0.834	0.902		0.852	0.853	0.851	0.851	0.921	0.843		0.846	0.84	0.84	0.914
Lopes and Valiati [21]	—	—	—	0.826	0.926		—	—	—	0.847	0.904	—		—	—	—	—
Vajda et al [42]	—	—	—	0.783	0.87		—	—	—	—	—	—		—	—	—	—
Pasa et al [22]	—	—	—	0.79	0.811		—	—	—	0.844	0.9	—		—	—	0.862	0.925
Govindarajan and Swaminathan [15]	0.876	—	0.877	0.878	0.94		—	—	—	—	—	—		—	—	—	—
Proposed	0.929	0.937	0.921	0.928	0.965		0.908	0.909	0.908	0.908	0.948	0.9		0.902	0.898	0.899	0.95

^aSDCNN: shallow–deep CNN.

^bMC: Montgomery County.

^cSZ: Shenzhen.

^dAP: average precision.

^eAR: average recall.

^fACC: accuracy.

^gAUC: area under the curve.

^hLBP: local binary pattern.

ⁱWe evaluated the performance of these models using our selected data sets and experimental protocol.

^jSVM: support vector machine.

^kHoG: histogram of oriented gradients.

^l—: not available. These results were not reported in some existing studies.