Fig. 2.

Circadian cycles are disrupted in various ways. Numerous environmental factors, such as night shift work, diet, and exposure to electromagnetic waves and artificial light, result in circadian disruption mostly by changing melatonin rhythms. The circadian clock is also mediated by anti-cancer drugs including cisplatin. Cisplatin affects drug resistance, DNA interactions and signal transduction and has various mechanisms and targets. Cisplatin activates signal transduction pathways and directly interacts with DNA, which can induce apoptosis or cell proliferation. Cisplatin can stimulate numerous categorized molecules, including DNA repair factors, DNA damage-recognition factors and transcription factors involved in drug resistance and cisplatin-induced signal transduction. These factors interact with each other and may be transformed by DNA damage. Hence, these molecular interactions are meticulously involved in cell proliferation and damage-induced cell death.