Table 1.
Baseline demographics and anthropometric and metabolic variables.
| HLC women | HLC men | HLF women | HLF men | P value1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 179 | n = 125 | n = 167 | n = 138 | ||
| Age (years) | 40.2 (±6.9) | 40.2 (±6.5) | 39.7 (±6.4) | 38.9 (±7.3) | 0.41 |
| Education | |||||
| High school | 48 (26.8%) | 34 (27.2%) | 41 (24.6%) | 29 (21.0%) | 0.85 |
| College | 73 (40.8%) | 45 (36.0%) | 68 (40.7%) | 59 (42.8%) | |
| Grad degree | 58 (32.4%) | 45 (36.0%) | 57 (34.1%) | 50 (36.2%) | |
| Missing | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.8%) | 1 (0.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| White | 111 (62.0%) | 71 (56.8%) | 91 (54.5%) | 85 (61.6%) | 0.068 |
| Hispanic | 35 (19.6%) | 26 (20.8%) | 44 (26.3%) | 23 (16.7%) | |
| Asian | 19 (10.6%) | 11 (8.8%) | 9 (5.4%) | 21 (15.2%) | |
| African-American | 7 (3.9%) | 6 (4.8%) | 8 (4.8%) | 2 (1.4%) | |
| AI/AN/PI | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (1.2%) | 1 (0.7%) | |
| Other | 7 (3.9%) | 11 (8.8%) | 13 (7.8%) | 6 (4.3%) | |
| Weight (kg) | 88.9 (±12.5)ab | 106.8 (±13.7)ac | 90.7 (±11.5)cd | 105.7 (±13.9)bd | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32.9 (±3.4) | 33.8 (±3.4) | 33.3 (±3.4) | 33.5 (±3.4) | 0.16 |
| Body fat (%) | 40.4 (±4.0)ab | 30.3 (±4.7)ac | 41.0 (±3.9)cd | 29.9 (±4.5)bd | <0.0001 |
| Missing | 34 (19.0%) | 32 (25.6%) | 36 (21.6%) | 41 (29.7%) | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 102.6 (±10.5)ab | 112.7 (±9.9)ac | 103.5 (±10.4)cd | 111.8 (±9.7)bd | <0.0001 |
| Missing | 0 (0%) | 2 (1.6%) | 1 (0.6%) | 2 (1.4%) | |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 111.6 (±26.3) | 117.1 (±25.6) | 109.1 (±29.0) | 114.8 (±32.1) | 0.056 |
| Missing | 1 (0.6%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 52.3 (±9.4)ab | 46.1 (±7.6)ac | 52.1 (±9.1)cd | 46.2 (±7.4)bd | <0.0001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 117.3 (±104.2) ab | 143.4 (±66.3) | 114.9 (±66.0)cd | 145.2 (±74.0)bd | <0.0001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 120.2 (±12.6)ab | 126.7 (±11.0)ac | 118.6 (±11.9)cd | 127.9 (±11.4)bd | <0.0001 |
| Missing | 1 (0.6%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (1.2%) | 0 (0%) | |
| DBP | 79.7 (±7.8)ab | 83.3 (±7.3)ac | 78.8 (±6.9)cd | 83.6 (±7.0)bd | <0.0001 |
| Missing | 1 (0.6%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (1.2%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 96.5 (±9.0)ab | 101.2 (±10.1)ac | 96.8 (±8.3)cd | 100.9 (±8.5)bd | <0.0001 |
| Fasting insulin (μIU/mL) | 14.2 (±7.3)ab | 17.2 (±8.7) | 13.6 (±6.7)cd | 18.6 (±18.3)bd | <0.0001 |
| Insulin-30 (μIU/mL) | 85.1 (±57.8)ab | 101.4 (±66.0)a | 88.5 (±66.5) | 103.1 (±68.1)b | 0.005 |
| Missing | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (1.2%) | 1 (0.7%) | |
| Metabolic syndrome | |||||
| No | 121 (67.6%)ab | 47 (37.6%)ac | 110 (65.9%)cd | 52 (37.7%)bd | <0.0001 |
| Yes | 58 (32.4%) | 78 (62.4%) | 57 (34.1%) | 86 (62.3%) | |
| Respiratory exchange ratio | 0.86 (±0.06) | 0.87 (±0.06) | 0.85 (±0.06) | 0.87 (±0.07) | 0.087 |
| Missing | 25 (14.0%) | 15 (12.0%) | 21 (12.6%) | 20 (14.5%) | |
| Resting energy expenditure (kcal) | 1488.2 (±215.4)ab | 1825.3 (±275.0)ac | 1500.8 (±213.6)cd | 1835.6 (±245.8)bd | <0.0001 |
| Missing | 25 (14.0%) | 15 (12.0%) | 21 (12.6%) | 20 (14.5%) | |
| Energy expenditure (kcal/kg/d) | 32.5 (±2.9) | 32.8 (±2.6) | 32.7 (±1.7) | 32.5 (±1.7) | 0.56 |
| Missing | 26 (14.5%) | 6 (4.8%) | 17 (10.2%) | 6 (4.3%) | |
| Genotype | |||||
| Low-carb | 57 (31.8%) | 40 (32.0%) | 40 (24.0%) | 43 (31.2%) | 0.15 |
| Low-fat | 69 (38.5%) | 45 (36.0%) | 75 (44.9%) | 55 (39.9%) | |
| Neither | 40 (22.3%) | 36 (28.8%) | 42 (25.1%) | 28 (20.3%) | |
| None | 3 (1.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 6 (3.6%) | 6 (4.3%) | |
| Missing | 10 (5.6%) | 4 (3.2%) | 4 (2.4%) | 6 (4.3%) | |
| Smoking status | 0.22 | ||||
| Non-Smoker | 137 (76.5%) | 92 (73.6%) | 137 (82.0%) | 101 (73.2%) | |
| Current smoker | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Past smoker | 42 (23.5%) | 33 (26.4%) | 30 (18.0%) | 37 (26.8%) |
AI American Indian, AN Alaskan Native, PI Pacific Islander.
1Shared superscript symbols (a, b, c, d, e) indicate significant between-group differences (Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous variables, e.g., age, and Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables, e.g., race).