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. 2020 Dec 21;10:22344. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-78986-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Results of Experiment 1: (A) Results of the CFMT experiment for non-masked and masked and faces. The dashed black horizontal line represents chance level (also in panel D). Performance was significantly impaired for masked faces. An inversion effect was found for masked and for non-masked faces, but it was significantly reduced for masked faces. For all figures, error bars represent the 95% confidence interval for the main effect of group (mask/no mask). (B) Distribution of CFMT results across the different conditions. (C) Distribution of the CFMT results across the different conditions separately for female and male participants. Females performed better than males across all conditions. (D) Analysis of the separate phases of the CFMT. An advantage for non-masked faces was found across all levels, including level 4, in which overall performance was close to chance level. The green dashed horizontal line represents the maximal score.