Table 2.

Current dietary advice from both US and European medical associations for the prevention of CVD and T2D.

Medical Association	Year	Total fat	SFA	Dairy	Dietary advice
AHA Eckel et al. (170)	2013		5-6%, decrease SFAs including from dairy. Decrease trans fats	Include low-fat dairy	Adequate intake of plant foods including vegetable oils, nuts, whole grains, legumes, fish, poultry, and limited intake of sweets, sugar sweetened beverages and red meat.
ADA American-Diabetes-Association (171)	2019	20–35 en%	Should be limited, replace with USFA. No trans fats.	Include dairy—milk and yogurt	SFA replaced with USFA, and not refined CHOs. CHO intake should emphasize nutrient-dense high fiber, including vegetables, fruits, legumes, whole grains, as well as dairy products. No “one-size-fits-all” and no single ideal ratio of CHOs, fats, and proteins for T2D; meal plans should be individualized.
ESC Piepoli et al. (172)	2016	Focus on fat quality, not total fat	<10 en%, replace with USFA	Include low-fat dairy	Low in SFA replaced with PUFA; with focus on wholegrain products, vegetables, fruit, nuts and fish.
EASD Mann et al. (173)	2004	<35 en%	<10 en%	No dairy recommendations	Range of macronutrient ratios, comprising 45–60 en% CHO, 10–20 en% protein; include vegetables, legumes, fruits, wholegrains.
ADA/EASD joint consensus report (174, 175)	2018	20–35 en%	Should be limited, replace with USFA. No trans fats.	Include dairy—milk and yogurt	SFA replaced with USFA, and not refined CHOs. Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) comprising energy restriction and dietary quality. No single ideal ratio of CHO, fat or protein; CHO intake emphasizing nutrient-dense high fiber, including vegetables, legumes, fruits, whole grains, dairy

AHA, American Heart Association; ADA, American Diabetes Association; ESC, European Society of Cardiology; EASD, European Association for the Study of Diabetes; CHO, carbohydrate; T2D, type 2 diabetes; SFA, saturated fatty acids; USFA, unsaturated fatty acids; en%, percentage of total energy.