Table 1.
Compounds suppressing pyroptosis and inflammasome components to treat SCI.
| Compounds | Mechanisms of pyroptosis and inflammasomes inhibition | Pharmacological effects | Effective dose (kg/B.W) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celastrol | NLRP3/ASC/ Caspase-1/GSDMD/IL-1β/IL-18 | Impedes neuronal cell death Promotes axonal regeneration and functional outcomes | 1 mg/kg | [57] |
| MCC950 | NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1/TNF-α, IL-1β/IL-18 | Enhances neuroprotection and inhibits neuronal loss Promotes axonal regeneration and functional recovery | 10 or 50 mg/kg | [93] |
| CORM-3 | TXNIP/NLRP1/NLRP3/GSDMD/Cleaved caspase-1 | Inhibits neuronal cell death Promotes axonal regeneration and functional recovery | 8 mg/kg | [70] |
| Zinc | NLRP3/IL-1β/IL-18 via promoting Nrf2/HO-1/NQO-1 | Promotes axonal regeneration Improves functional recovery | 30 mg/kg | [100] |
| Reduces neuronal loss and cavity formation | ||||
| Echinacoside | NEK7/NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1/NF-κB /IL-1β/IL-18 | Reduces neuroinflammation and spinal edema Improves functional recovery | 20 mg/kg | [68] |
| Polydatin | NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1/GSDMD//IL-1β/18 | Inhibits neuronal cell deathand cavity formation Promotes axonal regeneration and functional outcomes | 20, 40 mg/kg | [106] |
| Rutin | NLRP1/NLRP3/GSDMD/Cleaved caspase-1/ IL-1β/18 | Reduces neuronal loss and cavity formation Promotes neuroprotection and functional recovery | 100 mg/kg | [110], [111], [69] |
| Promotes axonal regeneration and neuronal tissue protection | ||||
| 17-estradiol (E2) | NLRP1b/NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1/ IL-1β/18 | Inhibits neuronal loss Improves functional recovery | 4 mg/kg | [112], [113], [114], [115], [116] |
| Gal-3 | TXNIP/NLRP3/ IL-1β/IL-18 | Enhances tissue protection Reduces neuronal loss and neuroinflammation Improves functional recovery | 10 mg/kg | [118] |
| Methylene blue | NLRP3/NLRC4/ASC/Caspase-1 | Inhibits neuronal lossand reduces cavity formation Promotes axonal regeneration and functional recovery | 2 mg/kg | [122] |
| Brilliant blue | GP2X/NLRP3/ASC/Cleaved XIAP/Caspase-1/Caspase-11/IL-1β/IL-18 | Reduces neuronal loss and cavity formation Promotes axonal regeneration and functional outcomes | 50 mg/kg | [123], [124], [125] |
| Peptide-5 | NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1/IL-18 | Maintains neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury Promotes neuronal protection and prevents from neuronal cell death Enhances neuroprotection | 2.5, 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg | [126], [127], [128], [129] |
| Wogonoside | NLRP3/NF-κB /TLR4 | Reduces neuronal loss Improves functional recovery | 12, 25 or 50 mg/kg | [135] |
| A-68930 | NLRP3/Caspase-1/IL-1β/IL-18 | Promotes neuroprotectionand axonal regeneration Reduces neuronal loss and improves functional recovery | 5 mg/kg | [140] |
| Quercetin | ROS/NLRP3/IL-1β/IL-18 | Promotes neuroprotection axonal regeneration Reduces neuronal loss and cavity formation | 100 mg/kg | [145] |