Table 2.

Literature review

Case series and Case reports:
Reference	Patient Number	Age	gender	Past medical history	Presenting symptoms	Clinical course	Radiology findings (chest X‐ray or CT)	Management	ICU Admission	Length of stay	Outcome
1	4	32	Male	Recurrent VOC ACS Lower limb ulcer	VOC	Severe	Positive	Ceftriaxone Azithromycin HDQ Blood transfusion	Yes	13 days	Favorable
		22	Female	Recurrent VOC ACS Asthma	VOC GI symptoms	Mild	Negative	Ceftriaxone Pain medication	No	2 days	Favorable
		37	Female	Recurrent VOC ACS Venous thrombosis	VOC	Mild	Negative	Pain medications	No	8 days	Favorable
		41	Male	Avascular necrosis (bilateral hip) Pulmonary embolism	Respiratory symptoms Hip pain (VOC)	Mild	Not available	Pain medications	No	4 days	Discharged against medical advice
16	2	24	Male	Minor VOC	Chest pain (ACS)	Moderate	Positive	Amoxicillin‐clavulanate	No	3 days	Favorable
		20	Female	Recurrent VOC	VOC Low oxygen saturation	Moderate	Negative	Pain management	No	NA	Favorable
5	1	21	Male	Recurrent VOC ACS Avascular necrosis of the hip	VOC Fever	Mild	positive	Ceftriaxone, azithromycin HCQ Blood transfusion Exchange transfusion	NA	16 days	Favorable
17	1	45	male	Sickle cell nephropathy Ischemic Retinopathy Priapism Cardiac remodeling ACS	multifocal VOC and fever	severe	positive	Amoxicillin‐clavulanic acid HCQ O2 supplementation Tocilizumab and Blood transfusion	No	5 days	Favorable
15	1	27	Male	VOCs	VOC Fever Respiratory symptoms	severe	Positive	Ceftriaxone Doxycycline Piperacillin/ tazobactam HCQ Tocilizumab methylprednisolone O2 supplementation Exchange transfusion	Yes	12 days	Favorable
18	1	35	Female (Pregnant)	ACSs Pulmonary thromboembolism Pulmonary Hypertension Leg ulcers preeclampsia in a previous pregnancy	Fever Myalgia Respiratory symptoms Low Oxygen saturation	Severe	positive	O2 supplementation Ceftriaxone Azithromycin Blood transfusion	Yes	9 days	Favorable
19	1	18	Female	VOCs Acute intrahepatic cholestasis	VOC	severe	Positive	Azithromycin Pain medications Simple transfusion	Yes	16 days	Favorable
20	3	23	Female	VOCs	Fever Cough Abdominal pain weight loss	Mild	Positive	Clarithromycin Exchange transfusion	No	2 days	Favorable
		44	Male	VOCs hypertension Renal insufficiency	symptomatic leg ulcer coughing and slight dyspnea	Initially mild deteriorated	Positive	HCQ Exchange transfusion	NO	30 days	Favorable
		23	Female	NA	VOC AKI Vomiting	Moderate complicated with DVT	Positive	Ceftriaxone Metronidazole Oxygen supplementation Enoxaparin Exchange transfusion	NO	51 days	Favorable
21	3	14	Female	VOCs	VOC	Mild	Negative	Pain medications ceftriaxone	No	10 days	Favorable
		12	Male	Splenectomy	VOC	Mild initially then severe	Negative Initially Repeated positive	Ceftriaxone Azithromycin Oxygen supplementation blood transfusion dexamethasone HCQ	No	12 days	Favorable
		50	Female		Asymptomatic	Asymptomatic	Negative	none	none	none	Favorable

Other larger studies:
Reference	Patient Number	Age	gender	Past medical history	Presenting symptoms	Clinical course	Radiology findings (chest X‐ray or CT)	Management	ICU Admission	Length of stay	Outcome
22	83	30 (0.3‐68)	38 Male 45 Female	48/83 ACS 44/83 VOC	44 VOC 23 ACS	NA	NA	6 simple transfusion 7 exchange transfusion	17 Admitted 9 intubated 2 ECMO	8 (2‐37)	2 died This study suggests the following: ‐COVID‐19 does not seem to increase the morbidity or mortality in patients with SCD. ‐ VOC can complicate COVID‐19 infection. ‐ Patients with SCD should be monitored closely during hospitalization as they might deteriorate easily.
23	10	range, 23‐57)		5 of them recurrent VOC One CKD One stroke Two: iron overload	Fever Dry cough Hypoxemia 8/10 presented with VOC	9 mild 1 severe	5/10 positive	8 of them enoxaparin 3 needed blood transfusion One severely ill, only palliative treatment One needed peritoneal dialysis	none	Mean length of stay 7.2 days (range, 3‐17)	9 Favorable 1 death
24	24 patients	9 > 60 15 < 60	6 Male 18 Female	12 HTN 12 obesity 9 DM 3 asthma 3 ESRD 5 malignancy 6 VTE 1 COPD	Fever 79% Cough83%Myalgia 67% VOCs 4	NA	NA	4 blood transfusion HCQ and steroid for all patient 7 required o2 supplementation	1 ICU admission	Mean 7.6 days SCT IN SCD	1 death ‐Patient with sickle cell trait had mild course of disease with lower change of complications but longer hospital stays.
25	178 12 hospitalized	<19 44 >19 134	101 Females 76 Males	96 recurrent pain crises 57 > 1‐episode ACS 23 chronic transfusion 23 PAH 32 Stroke 56 renal disease		11 asymptomatic 96 mild 32 moderates 30 severe 9 critical	NA	68 blood transfusion 16 Exchange transfusion 4 required dialysis	19 10 needed intubations		13 death ‐SCD can cause multisystem organ damage, life‐long disability, and reduced lifespan. ‐SCD is one of many possible explanations for higher rates of illness and mortality from COVID‐19 among Black populations in the United States
4	9	Mean 27.9	5 Male 4 Female				8/9 positive findings	6 received blood transfusion	1 Intubation 0	0‐16 days