TABLE 3.

Clinical trials related to registered herbal medicines or supplements or biological agents against COVID‐19

Study	Registry identifier	Title	Intervention	Possible mechanism (s)
1	NCT04291053	The efficacy and safety of Huai er in the adjuvant treatment of COVID‐19	Drug: Huaier Granule (aqueous extract of Trametes robiniophila murr)	Not available
2	NCT04323228	Antiinflammatory/antioxidant oral nutrition supplementation in COVID‐19	Dietary supplement: Oral nutrition supplement (ONS) enriched in eicosapentaenoic acid, gamma‐linolenic acid, and antioxidants (vitamin A as 1.2 mg β‐carotene, 205 mg Vitamin C, 75 IU vitamin E, 18 ug Selenium, and 5.7 mg Zinc)	n3‐fatty acids and antioxidant vitamins in extraordinary doses: (a) Modulate the host immune response (b) Ameliorate the cytokine storm associated
3	NCT04334005	Vitamin D on the prevention and treatment of COVID‐19	Dietary supplement: Vitamin D	Immune modulator agent It has an important role in adaptive immunity and cellular differentiation, maturation, and proliferation of several immune cells
4	NCT04323345	Efficacy of natural honey treatment in patients with novel coronavirus	Dietary supplement: Natural honey	Broad‐spectrum antimicrobial effect of honey as an antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral FDA approval for topical wound treatment as the most potent antimicrobial agent
5	NCT04341688	A clinical trial of gargling agents in reducing intraoral viral load among COVID‐19 patients	Drug: Povidone‐Iodine 0.2% (BETADINE®), Hydrogen peroxide 1% (ActiveOxy), Neem extract (Azadirachta indicia), Hypertonic saline (2%NaCl), distilled water	Reduction in the viral load through surface debridement could aid the effective immune response
6	NCT04323514	Use of ascorbic acid in patients with COVID 19	Dietary supplement: Vitamin C	Positively affects the development and maturation of T‐lymphocytes (i.e., NK cells) involved in the immune response to viral agents Inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS) production result in inactivation of NLRP3 that has an important role in the maturation and secretion of cytokines in systemic inflammatory syndrome
7	NCT04334265	Efficacy and safety of Anluohuaxian in the treatment of rehabilitation patients with coronavirus disease 2019	Drug: Anluohuaxian (totally 14 flavor medicines: Radix Rehmanniae, Radix Notoginseng, Hirudo, Pheretima, Bombyx Batryticatus, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, Radix Curcumae, Calculus Bovis, Pulvis Cornus Bubali Concentratus, Concha Arcae, Cortex Moutan, Radix Et Rhizoma Rhei, Endothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli, Fructus Hordei Germinatus)	Blocks the progression of pulmonary fibrosis and improving lung function in patients The signal pathways and cytokines involved are very similar to hepatic fibrosis
8	NCT04319731	A pilot study of human amniotic fluid for COVID19 associated respiratory failure	Biological: Human Amniotic Fluid	Anti‐inflammatory effects Human amniotic products are FDA‐approved for tissue injury and have been used to reduce inflammation and fibrosis in patients
9	NCT04279197	Treatment of pulmonary fibrosis due to 2019‐nCoV pneumonia with Fuzheng Huayu	Drug: N‐acetylcysteine+ Fuzheng Huayu (Radix Salvia Miltiorrhizae, Cordyceps, Semen Persicae, Gynostemma Pentaphyllammak, Pollen Pini, Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis)	Inhibits matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity to protect subepithelial basement membrane which plays a key role in lung injury and interstitial fibrosis
10	NCT04334967	Hydroxychloroquine in patients with newly diagnosed COVID‐19 compared with standard of care	Drug: Hydroxychloroquine+ Dietary Supplement: Vitamin C	It has multiple in vivo effects on immune modulation that may prevent the development of the cytokine excess associated with a critical illness
11	NCT04322344	Escin in patients with COVID‐19 infection	Drug: Escin (the active component of Aesculus hippocastanum) or escinate sodium	Antiviral effect
12	NCT04264533	Vitamin C infusion for the treatment of severe 2019‐nCoV infected pneumonia	Drug: Vitamin C	Reduces inflammatory response, and decreases the viral risk
13	NCT04275388	Xiyanping injection for the treatment of new coronavirus infected pneumonia	Drug: Xiyanping injection (extracted from Herba Andrographitis Paniculatae)	May be similar to NCT04295551
14	NCT03680274	Lessening organ dysfunction with vitamin C	Drug: Vitamin C	Vitamin C (IV) may be the first therapy to mitigate the dysregulated immune response that leads to sepsis induced by bacterial and viral pathogens such as COVID‐19
15	NCT04295551	Multicenter clinical study on the efficacy and safety of Xiyanping injection in the treatment of new coronavirus infection pneumonia (General and severe)	Drug: Lopinavir/ritonavir tablets combined with Xiyanping injection (extracted from Herba Andrographitis Paniculatae)	Anti‐inflammatory and immune regulation effects