Table 1.
Demographic characteristics and skin manifestations of COVID‐19 hospitalized patients
| Characteristic | Study | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present study (n = 144) | Guan et al. (n = 1099) | Recalcati S. (n = 88) | Hedou et al. (n = 103) | Giavedoni et al. (n = 2771) | Mendez‐Maestro et al. (n = 75) | |
| Country | Spain | China | Italy | France | Spain | |
| Time frame | 16 October 2020 | 11 December 2019–29 January 2020 | March 2020 | 15 March–2 April 2020 | 01 April–01 May 2020 | April 14–30 2020 |
| Type of patient | Hospitalized patients | Hospitalized patients | Hospitalized patients | Hospitalized patients: 27 (36.2%) | Hospitalized and non‐hospitalized patients | Hospitalized patients |
| Positive rate of rt‐PCR SARS‐CoV‐2, n (%) | 144/144 (100%) | 1099/1099 (100%) | 100% COVID‐19 positive patients (unspecified) | 103/103 (100%) | 29/58 (50%) | 75/75 (100%) (rt‐PCR or serologies) |
| Estimated prevalence | 3.8% | 0.2% | 20.5% | 4.9% | 2.1% | 18.7% |
| Assessment method | All patients directly evaluated by dermatologists | All patients evaluated by non‐dermatologists | All patients evaluated by dermatologists (directly or indirectly) | Prospective registry (not specified) | First evaluation performed by an emergency physician, then dermatologists were directly consulted | All patients directly evaluated by dermatologists |
| Age |
Mean 71.5 Range (27–99) |
Median 47 IQR (25.0–58.0) |
Not specified |
Mean 47 (20–88) |
Median 72 IQR (38.7–69.3) |
Mean 67.5 CI 95 (64.5–70.5) |
| Sex, n (%) |
Males: 92 (63.9%) Females: 52 (36.1%) |
Males: 639 (58.1%) Females: 460 (41.9%) |
Not specified |
Males: 32 (31.1%) Females: 71 (68.9%) |
Males: 31 (53.4%) Females: 27 (47.6%) |
Males: 48 (64%) Females: 27 (36%) |
| Previous treatments, n (%) |
Specific COVID‐19 treatments: 13 (9.0%) Remdesivir: 11 (7.6%) Tocilizumab: 2 (1.4%) Other treatments: Glucocorticoids (dexamethasone): 96 (66.7%) Antibiotics (beta‐lactam): 32 (22.2%) Antibiotics (non‐beta‐lactam): 8 (5.6%) |
Oseltamivir: 393 (35.8%) Immunoglobulins: 144 (13.1%) Antibiotics: 637 (58.0%) Antifungals: 31 (2.8%) Glucocorticoids: 204 (18.6%) |
Not specified Patients with a history of new medicines 15 days before were excluded |
Not specified |
Specific COVID‐19 treatments: 36 (62.1%) Hydroxychloroquine: 36 (62.1%) Azithromycin: 34 (58.6%) Lopinavir/ritonavir: 30 (51.7%) Tocilizumab: 15 (25.9%) Remdesivir: 5 (8.6%) Anakinra: 5 (8.6%) Siltuximab: 2 (3.4%) Glucocorticoids: 25 (43.1%) |
Hydroxychloroquine: 7 (12.1%) Hydroxychloroquine + lopinavir/ritonavir: 19 (32.8%) Hydroxychloroquine + lopinavir/ritonavir + methylprednisolone: 32 (42.7%) Hydroxychloroquine + methylprednisolone: 4 (5.3%) Methylprednisolone: 3 (4.0%) Antibiotherapy: 5 (6.7%) |
| ICU stay, n (%) | 19 (13.2%) | 55 (5%) | Not specified | 4 (3.9%) | 19 (32.8%) | 15 (20%) |
| Skin lesions, n (%) |
Maculopapular: 1 (0.7%) Urticarial: 0 (0%) Vesicular: 0 (0%) Chilblain‐like: 0 (0%) Livedoid: 4 (2.8%) Total: 5 (3.5%) |
Rash (unspecified): 2 (0.2%) Total: 2 (0.2%) |
Maculopapular: 14 (15.9%) Urticarial: 3 (3.4%) Vesicular: 1 (1.1%) Total 18 (20.5%) |
Maculopapular: 2 (1.9%) Urticarial: 2 (1.9%) Other (herpes reactivation): 1 (1.0%) |
Maculopapular: 12 (20.7%) Urticarial: 4 (6.9%) Papulo‐vesicular: 8 (13.8%) Chilblain‐like: 17 (29.3%) Livedo reticularis: 4 (6.9%) Other: 13 (22.4%) |
Maculopapular: 4 (5.3%) Urticarial: 2 (2.7%) Vesicular: 1 (1.3%) Livedoid: 1 (1.3%) Chilblain‐like: 6 (8%) Total: 14 (18.7%) |
IQR, Interquartile range; CI 95, 95% Confidence Interval.