Table 1.
Sample characteristics
| Without weights | With weights | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2017 | 2020 | 2020 | ||||
| Detroit | Phoenix | Detroit | Phoenix | Detroit | Phoenix | |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Female | 50.0 | 50.1 | 56.6* | 49.5 | 50.0 | 49.4 |
| Households with children | 25.1 | 25.4 | 16.9*** | 21.4 | 23.4 | 28.1 |
| Age (#) | 45.2 | 45.3 | 52.5*** | 54.0*** | 45.1 | 45.6 |
| Household size (#) | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.5** | 2.4*** | 2.7 | 2.6 |
| Education | ||||||
| Less than high school | 2.2 | 1.7 | 1.8*** | 1.2*** | 1.8 | 1.2 |
| High school graduate | 22.9 | 16.7 | 13.9 | 12.8 | 13.9 | 12.8 |
| Some college | 27.3 | 30.5 | 20.9 | 24.6 | 20.9 | 24.6 |
| 2‐Year degree | 9.8 | 12.8 | 10.1 | 11.1 | 10.1 | 11.1 |
| 4‐Year degree | 26.1 | 24.9 | 30.8 | 33.5 | 30.8 | 33.5 |
| Professional degree | 9.3 | 11.4 | 20.0 | 14.8 | 20.0 | 14.8 |
| Doctorate | 2.4 | 1.9 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 2.0 |
| Income | ||||||
| Less than $10,000 | 8.0 | 5.6 | 4.3*** | 4.7*** | 4.3 | 4.7 |
| $10,000–$19,999 | 9.5 | 8.2 | 5.8 | 5.2 | 5.8 | 5.2 |
| $20,000–$29,999 | 12.2 | 13.6 | 6.7 | 5.9 | 6.7 | 5.9 |
| $30,000–$39,999 | 10.5 | 12.8 | 8.1 | 6.9 | 8.1 | 6.9 |
| $40,000–$49,999 | 9.5 | 10.7 | 9.2 | 8.4 | 9.2 | 8.4 |
| $50,000–$59,999 | 12.2 | 12.6 | 10.1 | 9.6 | 10.1 | 9.6 |
| $60,000–$69,999 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 7.6 | 7.1 | 7.6 | 7.1 |
| $70,000–$79,999 | 10.7 | 9.0 | 8.8 | 9.4 | 8.8 | 9.4 |
| $80,000–$89,999 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 5.6 | 6.9 | 5.6 | 6.9 |
| $90,000–$99,999 | 4.1 | 5.1 | 5.4 | 6.9 | 5.4 | 6.9 |
| $100,000–$149,999 | 9.8 | 9.0 | 16.4 | 17.0 | 16.4 | 17.0 |
| More than $150,000 | 3.7 | 3.4 | 11.9 | 12.1 | 11.9 | 12.1 |
| Employment | ||||||
| Employed full time | 41.0 | 42.9 | 38.0 | 40.4 | 41.3 | 41.9 |
| Employed part time | 15.1 | 13.3 | 8.8*** | 6.9*** | 11.0 | 8.1** |
| Unemployed looking for work | 6.3 | 9.2 | 2.9** | 4.9** | 4.7 | 8.0 |
| Unemployed not looking for work | 6.1 | 6.1 | 2.0*** | 4.9 | 2.9* | 5.9 |
| Retired | 19.3 | 21.1 | 29.9*** | 32.5*** | 17.2 | 18.9 |
| Student | 6.1 | 5.8 | 4.5 | 2.7** | 6.2 | 5.3 |
| Disabled | 8.8 | 4.6 | 3.8*** | 4.4 | 4.4** | 5.9 |
| Lost job due to COVID‐19 | N/A | N/A | 3.4 | 1.2 | 5.7 | 1.9 |
| Furloughed due to COVID‐19 | N/A | N/A | 6.7 | 3.0 | 6.4 | 2.9 |
| Race | ||||||
| White | 75.4 | 85.2 | 77.5 | 87.2 | 74.0 | 83.0 |
| Black or African American | 17.6 | 4.4 | 18.7 | 3.9 | 19.0 | 4.9 |
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 1.0 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 2.1 |
| Asian | 4.4 | 2.9 | 1.8** | 1.2* | 2.1* | 0.7** |
| Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 0.0 |
| N | 409 | 413 | 445 | 406 | 445 | 406 |
Note: All values are in percentages unless otherwise noted; *, **, *** indicate that the difference in means between years within each location is statistically different from zero at the 90%, 95%, and 99% confidence levels, respectively. Iterative proportional fitting was used to construct weights for the 2020 responses to match the distribution of the 2017 sample.