TABLE 1.
Patient demographics and baseline characteristics at index ED visit by presence or absence of severe acute kidney injury
| Variable | All patients (n = 52) | Severe acute kidney injury | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n = 40) | Yes (n = 12) | P‐value | ||
| Age (y): median (IQR) | 51 (39‐66) | 47 (37‐64) | 66 (51‐71) | .003 |
| Sex (male): n (%) | 30 (57.7%) | 23 (57.5%) | 7 (58.3%) | 1.000 |
| Race: n (%) | ||||
| Black | 22 (42.3%) | 13 (32.5%) | 9 (75.0%) | .042 |
| Hispanic | 18 (34.6%) | 17 (42.5%) | 1 (8.3%) | |
| White | 7 (17.3%) | 7 (17.5%) | 2 (16.7%) | |
| Other | 3 (5.8%) | 3 (7.5%) | 0 | |
| Comorbidities: n (%) | ||||
| Coronary artery disease | 8 (15.4%) | 3 (7.5%) | 5 (41.7%) | .015 |
| Heart failure | 9 (17.3%) | 3 (7.5%) | 6 (50%) | .003 |
| Hypertension | 26 (50%) | 15 (37.5%) | 11 (91.7%) | .002 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 15 (28.8%) | 11 (27.5%) | 4 (33.3%) | .726 |
| Diabetes | 21 (40.4%) | 15 (37.5%) | 6 (50%) | .518 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 8 (15.4%) | 4 (10%) | 4 (33.3%) | .072 |
| Asthma | 8 (15.4%) | 6 (15%) | 2 (16.7%) | 1.000 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 6 (11.5%) | 1 (2.5%) | 5 (41.7%) | .002 |
| Chronic liver disease | 7 (13.5%) | 3 (7.5%) | 4 (33.3%) | .041 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1 (1.9%) | 0 | 1 (8.3%) | .375 |
| Cancer | 4 (7.7%) | 1 (2.5%) | 3 (25%) | .034 |
| Obesity | 18 (34.6%) | 16 (40%) | 2 (16.7%) | .179 |
| Inherited immunodeficiency | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | — |
| Acquired immunodeficiency (HIV, transplant) | 3 (5.8%) | 2 (5%) | 1 (8.3%) | .561 |
| Autoimmune disease | 2 (3.8%) | 2 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Current smoker | 12 (23.1%) | 5 (12.5%) | 7 (58.3%) | .003 |
| Former smoker | 11 (21.2%) | 10 (25%) | 1 (8.3%) | .421 |
| Laboratories at ED visit: n (%) | ||||
| White blood cell count (×103/mm3) | 6.7 (5.2‐9.5) | 5.7 (5.1‐9.3) | 7.8 (5.4‐12.5) | .372 |
| Absolute neutrophil count (×103/mm3) | 4.5 (3.7‐7.2) | 4.5 (3.7‐6.8) | 5.6 (4.2‐9.5) | .170 |
| Absolute lymphocyte count (×103/mm3) | 1.0 (0.7‐1.4) | 01.0 (0.7‐1.4) | 0.9 (0.6‐1.2) | .555 |
| Platelet count (×103/mm3) | 208.5 (163.8‐253) | 206 (166.2‐246.2) | 211 (140.5‐265) | .924 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.3 (11.4‐14.3) | 14 (12.3‐15.1) | 12 (10.9‐12.9) | .013 |
| C‐reactive protein (mg/dL) | 4.8 (1‐12.1) | 4.7 (0.7‐10.8) | 7.9 (4.2‐8.8) | .131 |
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 0.11 (0.05‐0.33) | 0.07 (0.05‐0.17) | 1.02 (0.38‐2.55) | <.001 |
| Ferritin (μg/L) | 366.5 (121‐1285) | 288 (108‐1062.5) | 995.5 (368.8‐2610) | .017 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) | 310 (248‐448.8) | 298.5 (237.8‐394.2) | 404 (297.8‐554.5) | .039 |
| Aspartate transaminase (U/L) | 52.5 (34.5‐71.5) | 53 (34.5‐70) | 52 (35‐82) | .917 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 31.5 (17.8‐53.3) | 42 (20‐57.5) | 25 (6‐36) | .056 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.6 (0.4‐0.8) | 0.6 (0.4‐0.75) | 0.6 (0.5‐0.8) | .568 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.7 (3.4‐ 4.1) | 3.8 (3.6‐4.2) | 3.4 (3.3‐3.8) | .064 |
| Fibrinogen (g/L) | 5.4 (3.4‐6.9) | 5.2 (3.1‐6.6) | 5.6 (4.5‐8.5) | .18 |
| Haptoglobin (mg/dL) | 254 (162.8‐332.2) | 254 (168.8‐330.5) | 249.5 (162.8‐389) | .836 |
| Myoglobin (μg/L) | 32.1 (18‐184.2) | 23.8 (16.5‐43.3) | 351.5 (186.8‐1064.8) | <.001 |
| Prothrombin time (s) | 16.1 (13.9‐17.2) | 16 (13.5‐17.2) | 16.2 (15‐17.1) | .672 |
| D‐dimer (μg/mL FEU) | 1.19 (0.71‐1.72) | 1.25 (0.62‐1.59) | 1.11 (0.93‐2.4) | .289 |
| Days since symptom onset: median (IQR) | 7 (3‐10) | 7 (3‐10) | 4 (2‐9) | .459 |