Table 5.
Invasive haemodynamic data
| COVID‐19 patients | Control group | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiac output and shunt fraction | |||
| Heart rate, bpm | 89 [72–94] | 65 [58–78] | <0.001 |
| Cardiac output, L/min | 7.3 [5.3–8.8] | 4.5 [3.9–5.5] | <0.001 |
| Stroke volume, mL | 83 [68–105] | 69 [59–90] | 0.088 |
| Cardiac index, L/min/m2 | 3.8 [2.7–4.5] | 2.4 [2.1–2.8] | <0.001 |
| Qs/Qt | 0.35 [0.28–0.45] | 0.13 [0.06–0.17] | <0.001 |
| Systemic haemodynamics | |||
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 124 [110–143] | 140 [134–148] | 0.208 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 62 [48–71] | 78 [66–80] | 0.007 |
| Mean BP, mmHg | 82 [70–100] | 101 [90–103] | 0.017 |
| Systemic vascular resistance, WU | 9.5 [8.1–13.0] | 18.4 [14.1–23.2] | 0.014 |
| Pulmonary and right heart haemodynamics | |||
| Systolic PAP, mmHg | 41 [34–48] | 25 [22–34] | <0.001 |
| Diastolic PAP, mmHg | 20 [15–26] | 14 [10–16] | <0.001 |
| Mean PAP, mmHg | 27 [25–33] | 17 [14–21] | <0.001 |
| PAWP, mmHg | 15 [11–18] | 9 [8–13] | 0.012 |
| RAP, mmHg | 11 [9–15] | 5 [4–7] | <0.001 |
| RAP/PAWP | 0.8 [0.7–0.9] | 0.5 [0.4–0.7] | 0.004 |
| PAWP – RAP, mmHg | 3 [2–6] | 4 [3–7] | 0.370 |
| Pulmonary vascular resistance, WU | 1.6 [1.1–2.5] | 1.6 [0.9–2.0] | 0.343 |
| Total pulmonary resistance, WU | 4.0 [3.1–4.7] | 3.9 [2.5–5.3] | 0.537 |
| Diastolic pressure gradient, mmHg | 5 [0–8] | 2 [1–3] | 0.047 |
| Transpulmonary pressure gradient, mmHg | 13 [8–14] | 6 [5–8] | 0.002 |
| Mean PAP ≥25 mmHg | 16 (76) | 4 (19) | <0.001 |
| PVR >3 WU | 0 | 0 | 1.000 |
| Post‐capillary PH | 12 (57) | 4 (19) | 0.011 |
| Isolated post‐capillary PH | 12 | 4 | |
| Combined post‐ and pre‐capillary PH | 0 | 0 |
Values are given as n (%), or median [interquartile range].
BP, blood pressure; PAP, pulmonary artery pressure; PAWP, pulmonary artery wedge pressure; PH, pulmonary hypertension; PVR, pulmonary vascular resistance; Qs/Qt, intrapulmonary shunt; RAP, right atrial pressure.