Table 1.

Interactive residues of SARS‐CoV‐2 S protein.

Function	Note	Interaction Residues on S protein	Citations
ACE2	Entry receptor	K417, G446, Y449, L455, F486, N487, Y489, Q493, Q498, T500, N501, G502 and Y505	[5]
Sialic acid binding	On glycoprotein gangliosides and possibly cell surfaces	D111, S112, K113, Q134, F135, C136, N137, F140, G142, E156, F157, R158, Y160, S161 and S162	[16]
Sugar binding	Sugar receptor‐interacting motif	G72, T73, N74, G75, T76, K77, and R78	[19]
Sugar binding	BcoV sugar‐binding domain	E154, F157, and Y160	[19]
HSPGs binding	Positively charged amino acids motif	R346, R355, K444, R466, and R509	[22]
HSPGs binding	Supporting residues	F347, S349, N354, G447, Y449, and Y451	[22]
HSPGs binding	GAG‐binding motif	Y453, R454, L455, F456, R457, K458 and S459	[23]
HSPGs binding	XBBXBX GAG‐binding motif	S1/S2 site P681, R682, R683, A684, R685, and S686	[23]
HSPGs binding	GAG‐binding motif on S2 fusion	S810, K811, P812, S813, K814, R815, and S816	[23]
CLRs binding	CD209L/L‐SIGN CD209/DSIGN binding and detour entry receptor	Over the receptor binding domain and hypothetically binding sites are N344, N371, T376, F377, K378, C379, Y380, G381, N448, Y449, N450, Y451	[27, 28]
NRP1 binding	C‐terminal RXXROH motif, binding and detour entry receptor	S1/S2 site, T676, Q677, T678, N679, S680, P681, R682, R683, A684, and R685	[24]
Protease cleavage	Furin, TMPRSS2, trypsin, matriptase cathepsin B‐L, PC1	P681, R682, R683, A684, R685, S686, and V687	[36]