Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Enrolled Patients
| All Population | Survived | Deceased | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | n = 210 | n = 168 | n = 42 | P |
| Age | 74 (67–82) | 72 (66–80) | 81 (74–85) | <.001 |
| Sex (male) | 133 (63.3) | 106 (63.1) | 27 (64.3) | .886 |
| Physiological parameters at ED presentation | ||||
| Peripheral oxygen saturation (%) | 94 (90–96) | 94 (92–96) | 89 (80–92) | <.001 |
| Respiratory rate (breaths/min) | 18 (16–20) | 18 (15–20) | 19 (16–22) | .032 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 84 (72–99) | 82 (71–95) | 89 (76–110) | .011 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 130 (114–140) | 129 (113–141) | 128 (111–135) | .790 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78 (66–86) | 78 (70–87) | 73 (65–84) | .404 |
| Axillary temperature (°C) | 36.6 (36.0–37.5) | 36.5 (36.1–37.3) | 37.2 (36.2–38.2) | .711 |
| Radiological findings | ||||
| Negative | 27 (12.9) | 26 (15.5) | 1 (2.4) | |
| Interstitial/monolateral | 110 (52.3) | 101 (60.1) | 9 (21.4) | <.001 |
| Bilateral pneumonia | 73 (34.8) | 41 (24.4) | 32 (76.2) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Charlson comorbidity index | 4 (3–5) | 4 (3–5) | 5 (4–6) | <.001 |
| Hypertension | 120 (57.1) | 92 (54.8) | 28 (66.7) | .163 |
| Obesity | 4 (1.9) | 3 (1.8) | 1 (2.4) | 1.000 |
| Coronary artery disease | 45 (21.4) | 38 (22.6) | 7 (16.7) | .400 |
| Congestive heart failure | 39 (18.6) | 30 (17.9) | 9 (21.4) | .594 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 27 (12.9) | 23 (13.7) | 4 (9.5) | .471 |
| Dementia | 10 (5.7) | 3 (2.2) | 7 (17.5) | <.001 |
| COPD | 19 (9.0) | 13 (7.7) | 6 (14.3) | .186 |
| Renal disease | 27 (12.9) | 13 (7.7) | 14 (33.3) | <.001 |
| Malignancy | 15 (7.1) | 12 (7.1) | 3 (7.1) | 1.000 |
| Laboratory values | ||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 12.7 (9.0–14.3) | 12.9 (9.0–14.2) | 12.4 (9.1–14.5) | .953 |
| Neutrophil (cells/mm3) | 4,890 (3,570–6,930) | 4,690 (3,540–6,610) | 5,930 (3,715–8,935) | .019 |
| Lymphocyte (cells/mm3) | 940 (670–1,290) | 950 (695–1,280) | 825 (570–1,600) | .591 |
| Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio | 5.3 (3.3–8.1) | 5.1 (3.2–7.6) | 6.5 (3.9–12.2) | .026 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.98 (0.78–1.42) | 0.96 (0.75–1.27) | 1.45 (0.88–2.05) | .003 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dl) | 20 (16–33) | 19 (15–25) | 37 (20–58) | <.001 |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 138 (135–140) | 138 (135–140) | 138 (134–141) | .692 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (UI/L) | 324 (241–440) | 306 (233–412) | 511 (314–801) | <.001 |
| Alanina transpherase (UI/L) | 19 (13.5–32.5) | 18.5 (13–30.5) | 21 (15–46) | .248 |
| Direct bilirubin (mg/dl) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 0.6 (0.4–1.0) | .725 |
| C‐reactive protein (mg/L) | 66.8 (28.1–141.0) | 53.1 (25.7–105.6) | 145 (77.9–210.5) | <.001 |
| Prothrombin time (s) | 11.2 (10.7–11.9) | 11.2 (10.6–11.8) | 11.4 (10.8–12.4) | .220 |
| Fibrinogen (mg/dl) | 478 (392–580) | 465 (390–550) | 512 (405–703) | .088 |
| D‐dimer (ng/ml) | 1,230 (709–3,359) | 1,228 (619–2,771) | 2,071 (900–5,412) | .194 |
| Risk scores | ||||
| NEWS | 3 (2–6) | 3 (1–5) | 6 (3–9) | <.001 |
| ISARIC 4C | 9 (7–10) | 8 (6–10) | 11 (9–12) | <.001 |
| COVID‐GRAM | 17.3 (8.5–34.4) | 13.9 (7.1–26.9) | 38.1 (23.8–56.8) | <.001 |
| qCSI | 4 (0–6) | 2 (0–5) | 7 (4–10) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID‐GRAM, COVID‐Gram Critical Illness Risk Score; ISARIC‐4C, International Severe Acute Respiratory Infection Consortium Clinical Characterization Protocol‐Coronavirus Clinical Characterization Consortium; NEWS, national early warning score; qCSI, quick COVID severity index.