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. 2020 Dec 15;37(1):44–81. doi: 10.1002/agr.21679

Table 5.

Determinants of changes in consumption since the beginning of COVID‐19 by food group

Fresh produce Dairy Meats Grains Snacks
Coef. SD Coef. SD Coef. SD Coef. SD Coef. SD
Age 0.003 0.003 0.001 0.003 −0.008*** 0.003 −0.005 0.003 −0.002 0.003
Female −0.129 0.086 −0.033 0.090 −0.211** 0.087 0.012 0.088 0.085 0.085
High school graduate 0.056 0.395 −0.013 0.401 −0.095 0.408 0.252 0.400 −0.530 0.382
Some college 0.092 0.402 −0.033 0.412 0.088 0.416 0.436 0.409 −0.266 0.391
Two year degree 0.177 0.410 −0.011 0.420 −0.212 0.424 0.459 0.417 −0.211 0.400
Four year degree 0.091 0.401 −0.003 0.410 0.000 0.416 0.384 0.408 −0.249 0.390
Professional or doctorate degree −0.067 0.407 −0.041 0.417 0.079 0.421 0.265 0.414 −0.452 0.396
White, non‐Hispanic 0.117 0.171 0.403** 0.178 −0.090 0.174 0.019 0.176 0.042 0.170
Black, non‐Hispanic 0.457** 0.210 0.556** 0.218 0.499** 0.214 0.137 0.216 0.272 0.208
Household size = 2 0.055 0.116 −0.126 0.121 −0.034 0.117 0.071 0.118 −0.015 0.114
Household size = 3 −0.133 0.152 0.003 0.157 0.067 0.154 −0.062 0.153 0.048 0.150
Household size = 4 −0.252 0.174 −0.076 0.182 −0.168 0.175 −0.177 0.177 0.050 0.174
Household size = 5 −0.085 0.225 0.084 0.231 0.212 0.224 −0.087 0.226 −0.221 0.220
Household size = 6 0.240 0.372 0.191 0.408 0.186 0.368 −0.074 0.372 0.574 0.411
Household size = 7 −0.767 0.508 −1.105** 0.528 0.064 0.543 −0.532 0.510 −0.501 0.512
Household size = 8 −1.497 0.914 0.865 0.893 −1.072 0.900 0.564 0.904 −0.265 0.875
Household size = 9 −0.872 0.846 −0.707 0.906 −1.069 0.900 −0.214 0.877 −0.410 0.804
Household size = 10 0.192 1.154 0.567 1.248 0.124 1.164 −0.013 1.199 5.185 110.585
Household with children 0.559*** 0.139 0.293** 0.141 0.180 0.137 0.320** 0.139 0.206 0.137
Democrat 0.067 0.100 0.047 0.105 −0.095 0.102 0.034 0.102 −0.059 0.100
Republican −0.036 0.103 0.087 0.108 0.011 0.103 −0.182* 0.105 −0.198* 0.102
Phoenix Resident −0.161* 0.085 −0.128 0.089 0.137 0.086 −0.201** 0.087 −0.109 0.085
$10,000–$19,999 −0.814*** 0.299 −0.496 0.302 −0.513* 0.293 0.132 0.295 0.176 0.279
$20,000–$29,999 −0.603** 0.287 0.030 0.288 0.063 0.281 −0.097 0.277 0.122 0.265
$30,000–$39,999 −0.422 0.286 −0.139 0.289 0.219 0.282 0.130 0.278 0.114 0.266
$40,000–$49,999 −0.478* 0.281 −0.130 0.286 0.400 0.279 0.125 0.274 0.218 0.263
$50,000–$59,999 −0.616** 0.274 −0.404 0.278 0.154 0.271 −0.192 0.266 0.262 0.255
$60,000–$69,999 −0.418 0.289 −0.078 0.293 0.126 0.286 0.147 0.282 0.515* 0.273
$70,000–$79,999 −0.147 0.283 0.174 0.286 0.236 0.280 0.163 0.274 0.400 0.264
$80,000–$89,999 −0.547* 0.300 −0.227 0.306 0.129 0.297 0.372 0.294 0.403 0.281
$90,000–$99,999 −0.515* 0.300 −0.286 0.305 −0.102 0.298 0.024 0.294 0.361 0.284
$100,000–$149,999 −0.320 0.272 −0.002 0.274 0.234 0.269 0.170 0.263 0.561** 0.254
More than $150,000 −0.252 0.280 −0.018 0.283 0.534* 0.278 0.414 0.273 0.257 0.261
Furloughed due to COVID‐19 −0.421** 0.189 0.147 0.201 0.267 0.197 0.174 0.194 0.020 0.191
Received stimulus check −0.092 0.093 0.162* 0.098 0.070 0.094 0.127 0.095 0.123 0.092
On SNAP 0.253 0.158 0.326** 0.162 0.391** 0.158 0.379** 0.162 0.046 0.156
Visited food pantry in past 30 days 0.253 0.211 0.621*** 0.218 0.215 0.210 0.308 0.213 −0.330 0.205
Visited food pantry in past 30 days and on SNAP 0.516** 0.261 0.543** 0.256 0.185 0.248 0.082 0.249 0.192 0.252
cut1 −1.139*** 0.430 −0.783* 0.441 −1.050** 0.448 −0.982** 0.443 −0.977** 0.419
cut2 0.510 0.428 1.345*** 0.442 0.652 0.447 0.920** 0.443 0.209 0.418
Pseudo R 2 0.049 0.051 0.064 0.040 0.031
BIC 1805.005 1553.071 1747.189 1675.747 1923.154
N 824 809 804 819 828
Fast food Frozen food Canned food Prepped Meals Bottled Water
Coef. SD Coef. SD Coef. SD Coef. SD Coef. SD
Age −0.012*** 0.003 −0.013*** 0.003 −0.004 0.003 −0.007** 0.003 −0.008** 0.003
Female 0.011 0.097 −0.017 0.087 −0.090 0.089 −0.090 0.101 −0.080 0.096
High school graduate −0.399 0.432 −0.983** 0.407 −0.239 0.390 −0.498 0.446 0.010 0.414
Some college −0.113 0.437 −0.893** 0.417 −0.440 0.400 −0.223 0.456 −0.114 0.422
Two year degree −0.129 0.446 −0.591 0.425 −0.053 0.409 −0.139 0.467 −0.149 0.430
Four year degree −0.038 0.436 −0.843** 0.417 −0.304 0.398 −0.061 0.457 −0.202 0.419
Professional or doctorate degree 0.013 0.445 −0.819* 0.422 −0.240 0.404 −0.231 0.463 −0.393 0.427
White, non‐Hispanic −0.211 0.189 0.136 0.180 0.116 0.182 −0.025 0.201 0.301 0.183
Black, non‐Hispanic 0.024 0.228 0.113 0.215 0.251 0.220 0.190 0.240 0.500** 0.224
Household size = 2 −0.005 0.132 −0.103 0.117 0.006 0.119 0.033 0.140 0.057 0.133
Household size = 3 0.114 0.168 −0.158 0.153 −0.149 0.155 −0.068 0.178 0.256 0.175
Household size = 4 0.535*** 0.190 0.029 0.178 −0.008 0.178 0.342* 0.202 0.018 0.195
Household size = 5 0.143 0.241 0.093 0.227 0.244 0.231 0.370 0.249 0.535** 0.246
Household size = 6 −0.404 0.439 −0.017 0.360 0.215 0.379 0.990** 0.468 −0.022 0.420
Household size = 7 −0.163 0.546 −0.934* 0.519 −0.894 0.557 −1.007 0.694 −1.007* 0.556
Household size = 8 −5.292 211.596 0.335 0.965 −0.775 0.872 −0.073 0.827 −0.198 0.932
Household size = 9 −5.128 304.090 −0.380 0.847 −0.336 0.865 −0.736 1.210 −0.885 0.858
Household size = 10 5.861 256.711 −0.192 1.157 −0.021 1.185 0.457 1.137 0.034 1.173
Household with children −0.030 0.149 0.121 0.139 0.181 0.140 0.042 0.152 0.175 0.152
Democrat −0.159 0.112 −0.006 0.101 0.243** 0.103 −0.111 0.117 0.275** 0.114
Republican −0.109 0.116 −0.203* 0.105 −0.064 0.106 −0.188 0.121 0.107 0.114
Phoenix resident 0.282*** 0.097 0.157* 0.087 0.129 0.088 0.102 0.100 0.230** 0.096
$10,000–$19,999 −0.090 0.310 0.319 0.290 −0.091 0.293 −0.255 0.320 0.201 0.319
$20,000–$29,999 0.416 0.290 0.423 0.278 −0.206 0.283 0.003 0.304 −0.339 0.300
$30,000–$39,999 −0.154 0.294 0.375 0.277 −0.046 0.284 −0.020 0.313 −0.286 0.308
$40,000–$49,999 0.133 0.288 0.336 0.275 −0.053 0.279 −0.127 0.307 −0.408 0.295
$50,000–$59,999 −0.056 0.279 0.450* 0.266 −0.177 0.271 0.151 0.300 −0.361 0.288
$60,000–$69,999 0.051 0.298 0.333 0.280 0.027 0.287 −0.394 0.316 −0.508* 0.306
$70,000–$79,999 −0.058 0.289 0.326 0.272 −0.064 0.279 0.003 0.306 −0.339 0.295
$80,000–$89,999 −0.176 0.313 0.393 0.292 0.052 0.299 −0.166 0.336 −0.195 0.319
$90,000–$99,999 −0.402 0.320 0.323 0.291 −0.135 0.299 −0.300 0.336 −0.549* 0.327
$100,000–$149,999 −0.089 0.278 0.556** 0.264 −0.011 0.269 0.085 0.296 −0.194 0.285
More than $150,000 −0.097 0.290 0.315 0.272 −0.245 0.278 −0.060 0.303 −0.408 0.296
Furloughed due to COVID‐19 −0.018 0.220 −0.049 0.204 −0.066 0.203 0.355 0.232 −0.121 0.244
Received stimulus check 0.089 0.105 0.020 0.094 0.089 0.096 0.084 0.108 0.147 0.106
On SNAP 0.378** 0.163 −0.072 0.159 −0.023 0.159 0.142 0.174 0.068 0.171
Visited food pantry in past 30 days 0.070 0.237 0.006 0.209 0.368* 0.214 0.301 0.232 0.513** 0.233
Visited food pantry in past 30 days and on SNAP 0.049 0.269 −0.344 0.244 −0.133 0.263 0.715** 0.282 0.488* 0.272
cut1 −0.565 0.465 −2.061*** 0.444 −1.367*** 0.436 −1.072** 0.494 −1.312*** 0.457
cut2 0.232 0.465 −0.410 0.440 0.448 0.434 0.356 0.494 0.405 0.455
Pseudo R 2 0.069 0.040 0.032 0.055 0.079
BIC 1592.885 1751.941 1669.078 1424.556 1461.314
N 719 791 782 595 673

Note: Reference category: Male, Less than High School Educated, Hispanic (not White or Black), Single‐Person Household, Less than $10,000 Income, Employed, Did Not Receive Stimulus Check, Not Receiving Food Assistance (SNAP or Food Pantry).

*

p < .10.

**

p < .05.

***

p < .01.