Skip to main content
. 2020 Dec 15;37(1):44–81. doi: 10.1002/agr.21679

Table 6.

Marginal effects

Fresh produce Dairy Meats Grains Snacks
Eat… Less Same More Less Same More Less Same More Less Same More Less Same More
Age −0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.000 −0.002 0.001 0.001 −0.002 0.000 0.000 −0.001
Female 0.031 0.010 −0.040 0.006 0.002 −0.009 0.058 −0.003 −0.056 −0.002 −0.002 0.004 −0.021 −0.011 0.032
High school graduate −0.014 −0.003 0.017 0.002 0.001 −0.003 0.027 −0.003 −0.024 −0.056 −0.015 0.071 0.122 0.078 −0.200
Some college −0.022 −0.006 0.028 0.006 0.002 −0.009 −0.024 0.000 0.024 −0.088 −0.042 0.130 0.054 0.049 −0.102
Two year degree −0.041 −0.015 0.056 0.002 0.001 −0.003 0.063 −0.012 −0.051 −0.092 −0.047 0.138 0.041 0.040 −0.081
Four year degree −0.022 −0.006 0.028 0.001 0.000 −0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 −0.080 −0.033 0.113 0.050 0.046 −0.096
Professional or doctorate degree 0.017 0.002 −0.020 0.008 0.003 −0.011 −0.021 0.000 0.021 −0.058 −0.016 0.075 0.100 0.072 −0.172
White, non‐Hispanic −0.029 −0.007 0.036 −0.089 −0.004 0.093 0.024 0.000 −0.024 −0.003 −0.003 0.006 −0.010 −0.005 0.016
Black, non‐Hispanic −0.091 −0.066 0.157 −0.082 −0.087 0.170 −0.118 −0.033 0.151 −0.022 −0.024 0.046 −0.060 −0.044 0.104
Household size = 2 −0.012 −0.005 0.018 0.024 0.009 −0.033 0.009 0.000 −0.009 −0.012 −0.012 0.024 0.004 0.002 −0.006
Household size = 3 0.032 0.008 −0.041 0.000 0.000 0.001 −0.018 0.000 0.018 0.011 0.009 −0.020 −0.012 −0.007 0.018
Household size = 4 0.065 0.009 −0.074 0.014 0.006 −0.020 0.049 −0.007 −0.042 0.034 0.021 −0.055 −0.012 −0.007 0.019
Household size = 5 0.020 0.006 −0.026 −0.014 −0.010 0.024 −0.053 −0.008 0.061 0.016 0.012 −0.028 0.059 0.022 −0.082
Household size = 6 −0.049 −0.031 0.081 −0.030 −0.026 0.057 −0.048 −0.006 0.053 0.013 0.010 −0.024 −0.104 −0.114 0.217
Household size = 7 0.233 −0.047 −0.186 0.320 −0.138 −0.182 −0.017 0.000 0.018 0.121 0.024 −0.146 0.149 0.026 −0.175
Household size = 8 0.500 −0.238 −0.262 −0.088 −0.210 0.298 0.369 −0.194 −0.175 −0.067 −0.135 0.203 0.072 0.025 −0.097
Household size = 9 0.272 −0.070 −0.202 0.179 −0.037 −0.143 0.368 −0.193 −0.175 0.041 0.024 −0.065 0.118 0.028 −0.146
Household size = 10 −0.040 −0.024 0.064 −0.070 −0.116 0.186 −0.032 −0.002 0.035 0.002 0.002 −0.004 −0.169 −0.405 0.574
Household with children −0.112 −0.080 0.191 −0.050 −0.033 0.083 −0.048 −0.002 0.050 −0.048 −0.061 0.110 −0.047 −0.031 0.079
Democrat −0.016 −0.005 0.021 −0.009 −0.003 0.012 0.026 −0.002 −0.025 −0.006 −0.005 0.011 0.014 0.008 −0.022
Republican 0.009 0.003 −0.011 −0.016 −0.007 0.023 −0.003 0.000 0.003 0.033 0.026 −0.058 0.050 0.024 −0.074
Phoenix resident 0.038 0.012 −0.050 0.025 0.009 −0.033 −0.038 0.002 0.036 0.035 0.031 −0.066 0.027 0.014 −0.041
$10,000–$19,999 0.192 0.061 −0.254 0.110 0.006 −0.115 0.179 −0.089 −0.090 −0.025 −0.017 0.042 −0.052 −0.010 0.062
$20,000–$29,999 0.129 0.071 −0.200 −0.005 −0.004 0.009 −0.019 0.005 0.015 0.021 0.008 −0.028 −0.037 −0.006 0.043
$30,000–$39,999 0.082 0.064 −0.146 0.025 0.012 −0.038 −0.064 0.009 0.055 −0.024 −0.017 0.041 −0.034 −0.006 0.040
$40,000–$49,999 0.096 0.068 −0.163 0.024 0.012 −0.035 −0.110 0.003 0.107 −0.023 −0.016 0.039 −0.063 −0.015 0.078
$50,000–$59,999 0.133 0.071 −0.203 0.085 0.013 −0.098 −0.046 0.009 0.037 0.043 0.012 −0.054 −0.075 −0.019 0.094
$60,000–$69,999 0.081 0.064 −0.145 0.014 0.008 −0.022 −0.038 0.008 0.030 −0.027 −0.019 0.046 −0.132 −0.059 0.191
$70,000–$79,999 0.024 0.029 −0.054 −0.026 −0.027 0.053 −0.069 0.009 0.059 −0.030 −0.022 0.052 −0.108 −0.039 0.147
$80,000–$89,999 0.114 0.070 −0.184 0.044 0.016 −0.059 −0.039 0.008 0.031 −0.060 −0.065 0.124 −0.109 −0.039 0.148
$90,000–$99,999 0.105 0.069 −0.174 0.057 0.016 −0.073 0.033 −0.011 −0.022 −0.005 −0.003 0.007 −0.099 −0.033 0.132
$100,000–$149,999 0.059 0.055 −0.113 0.000 0.000 −0.001 −0.068 0.009 0.059 −0.031 −0.023 0.054 −0.141 −0.068 0.209
More than $150,000 0.044 0.046 −0.090 0.003 0.002 −0.005 −0.139 −0.011 0.150 −0.065 −0.075 0.140 −0.073 −0.019 0.092
Furloughed due to COVID‐19 0.117 −0.001 −0.116 −0.026 −0.014 0.041 −0.067 −0.009 0.077 −0.027 −0.032 0.059 −0.005 −0.003 0.007
Received stimulus check 0.022 0.008 −0.029 −0.032 −0.009 0.041 −0.020 0.001 0.018 −0.023 −0.018 0.041 −0.031 −0.015 0.046
Visited food pantry in past 30 days −0.054 −0.030 0.084 −0.081 −0.096 0.176 −0.044 0.002 0.042 −0.036 −0.041 0.077 0.075 0.020 −0.096
On SNAP −0.055 −0.029 0.084 −0.051 −0.032 0.083 −0.089 −0.016 0.105 −0.049 −0.067 0.115 −0.020 −0.011 0.031
Fast food Frozen food Canned food Prepped meals Bottled water
Eat… Less Same More Less Same More Less Same More Less Same More Less Same More
Age 0.004 −0.001 −0.003 0.003 0.001 −0.004 0.001 0.000 −0.001 0.002 0.000 −0.002 0.002 0.001 −0.003
Female −0.004 0.001 0.003 0.004 0.001 −0.005 0.020 0.006 −0.027 0.029 −0.005 −0.024 0.016 0.009 −0.025
High school graduate 0.140 −0.048 −0.092 0.168 0.179 −0.348 0.045 0.033 −0.079 0.164 −0.035 −0.129 −0.002 −0.002 0.004
Some college 0.041 −0.011 −0.029 0.145 0.177 −0.321 0.093 0.042 −0.136 0.069 −0.005 −0.064 0.020 0.018 −0.039
Two year degree 0.046 −0.013 −0.033 0.078 0.144 −0.221 0.009 0.009 −0.018 0.042 −0.001 −0.041 0.027 0.023 −0.050
Four year degree 0.014 −0.004 −0.010 0.132 0.174 −0.306 0.060 0.038 −0.098 0.018 0.001 −0.018 0.038 0.029 −0.067
Professional or doctorate degree −0.005 0.001 0.003 0.126 0.172 −0.298 0.046 0.033 −0.079 0.071 −0.005 −0.066 0.081 0.044 −0.125
White, non‐Hispanic 0.077 −0.021 −0.056 −0.034 −0.007 0.041 −0.027 −0.006 0.033 0.008 −0.001 −0.007 −0.067 −0.023 0.090
Black, non‐Hispanic −0.009 0.003 0.006 −0.026 −0.010 0.036 −0.051 −0.028 0.079 −0.059 0.005 0.054 −0.083 −0.089 0.172
Household size = 2 0.002 −0.001 −0.001 0.024 0.008 −0.033 −0.001 0.000 0.002 −0.011 0.003 0.009 −0.012 −0.006 0.018
Household size = 3 −0.042 0.014 0.028 0.038 0.011 −0.049 0.036 0.007 −0.042 0.023 −0.006 −0.017 −0.050 −0.035 0.085
Household size = 4 −0.197 0.043 0.155 −0.007 −0.003 0.010 0.002 0.001 −0.002 −0.105 0.006 0.100 −0.004 −0.002 0.006
Household size = 5 −0.053 0.017 0.036 −0.020 −0.011 0.031 −0.048 −0.031 0.079 −0.113 0.004 0.109 −0.089 −0.095 0.184
Household size = 6 0.138 −0.060 −0.079 0.004 0.002 −0.005 −0.043 −0.026 0.069 −0.239 −0.095 0.334 0.005 0.002 −0.007
Household size = 7 0.058 −0.023 −0.036 0.295 −0.080 −0.216 0.280 −0.098 −0.182 0.367 −0.210 −0.157 0.312 −0.095 −0.217
Household size = 8 0.419 −0.247 −0.172 −0.063 −0.054 0.118 0.235 −0.068 −0.167 0.025 −0.007 −0.018 0.048 0.010 −0.058
Household size = 9 0.419 −0.247 −0.172 0.102 0.009 −0.110 0.088 0.001 −0.089 0.271 −0.139 −0.132 0.267 −0.066 −0.201
Household size = 10 −0.581 −0.247 0.828 0.047 0.012 −0.059 0.005 0.002 −0.006 −0.136 −0.002 0.138 −0.007 −0.003 0.011
Household with children 0.011 −0.003 −0.008 −0.028 −0.011 0.039 −0.039 −0.017 0.056 −0.014 0.002 0.012 −0.034 −0.024 0.058
Democrat 0.057 −0.018 −0.039 0.001 0.000 −0.002 −0.053 −0.021 0.074 0.036 −0.007 −0.030 −0.054 −0.037 0.090
Republican 0.039 −0.012 −0.027 0.051 0.011 −0.062 0.015 0.004 −0.019 0.062 −0.013 −0.049 −0.021 −0.013 0.034
Phoenix resident −0.102 0.031 0.071 −0.038 −0.012 0.049 −0.029 −0.009 0.038 −0.033 0.005 0.028 −0.047 −0.027 0.073
$10,000–$19,999 0.033 −0.010 −0.023 −0.091 0.006 0.086 0.020 0.008 −0.028 0.085 −0.020 −0.065 −0.025 −0.048 0.073
$20,000–$29,999 −0.152 0.027 0.125 −0.117 −0.002 0.118 0.047 0.013 −0.060 −0.001 0.000 0.001 0.060 0.056 −0.116
$30,000–$39,999 0.056 −0.018 −0.038 −0.105 0.002 0.103 0.010 0.004 −0.014 0.006 −0.001 −0.006 0.049 0.050 −0.099
$40,000–$49,999 −0.049 0.012 0.036 −0.096 0.005 0.091 0.011 0.005 −0.016 0.041 −0.007 −0.034 0.075 0.063 −0.138
$50,000–$59,999 0.020 −0.006 −0.014 −0.123 −0.004 0.127 0.040 0.012 −0.052 −0.045 0.001 0.045 0.064 0.058 −0.123
$60,000–$69,999 −0.019 0.005 0.014 −0.095 0.005 0.090 −0.005 −0.003 0.008 0.135 −0.040 −0.095 0.098 0.069 −0.167
$70,000–$79,999 0.021 −0.006 −0.015 −0.093 0.005 0.088 0.014 0.006 −0.020 −0.001 0.000 0.001 0.060 0.056 −0.116
$80,000–$89,999 0.064 −0.021 −0.043 −0.110 0.001 0.109 −0.010 −0.006 0.017 0.054 −0.010 −0.044 0.032 0.037 −0.068
$90,000–$99,999 0.142 −0.053 −0.089 −0.093 0.005 0.087 0.030 0.011 −0.041 0.101 −0.026 −0.075 0.108 0.071 −0.179
$100,000–$149,999 0.032 −0.010 −0.022 −0.146 −0.017 0.163 0.002 0.001 −0.004 −0.026 0.001 0.025 0.031 0.037 −0.068
More than $150,000 0.036 −0.011 −0.024 −0.090 0.006 0.085 0.057 0.013 −0.071 0.019 −0.003 −0.017 0.075 0.063 −0.137
Furloughed due to COVID‐19 0.006 −0.002 −0.004 0.012 0.003 −0.015 0.015 0.004 −0.019 −0.104 −0.002 0.106 0.026 0.012 −0.038
Received Stimulus Check −0.032 0.010 0.022 −0.005 −0.001 0.006 −0.020 −0.006 0.026 −0.027 0.005 0.022 −0.031 −0.015 0.046
Visited Food Pantry in past 30 days −0.005 0.006 −0.002 0.008 0.002 −0.010 −0.059 −0.040 0.099 −0.100 −0.004 0.104 −0.081 −0.094 0.174
On SNAP −0.128 0.031 0.096 0.023 0.006 −0.029 0.011 0.008 −0.020 −0.050 0.001 0.049 −0.013 −0.006 0.019

Note: Bold indicates significance at the 90% confidence level at least. Reference category: Male, Less than High School Educated, Hispanic (not White or Black), Single‐Person Household, Less than $10,000 Income, Employed, Did Not Receive Stimulus Check, Not Receiving Food Assistance (SNAP or Food Pantry).