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. 2020 Dec 15;37(1):44–81. doi: 10.1002/agr.21679

Table A3.

Robustness check, marginal effects

Fresh produce Dairy Meats Grains Snacks
Eat… Less Same More Less Same More Less Same More Less Same More Less Same More
Age −0.002 −0.001 0.002 −0.002 0.000 0.002 0.001 0.000 −0.001 −0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000
Female 0.024 0.008 −0.032 0.011 0.003 −0.014 0.038 −0.003 −0.036 0.015 0.013 −0.028 0.006 0.004 −0.010
High school graduate 0.008 0.003 −0.011 0.060 0.069 −0.129 0.166 0.081 −0.247 −0.049 −0.025 0.073 0.102 0.077 −0.178
Some college 0.020 0.006 −0.026 0.079 0.074 −0.154 0.116 0.084 −0.200 −0.061 −0.037 0.098 0.049 0.048 −0.097
Two year degree −0.011 −0.005 0.016 0.082 0.075 −0.157 0.190 0.076 −0.266 −0.066 −0.042 0.108 0.041 0.042 −0.083
Four year degree −0.005 −0.002 0.008 0.078 0.074 −0.152 0.157 0.083 −0.240 −0.048 −0.024 0.072 0.049 0.049 −0.098
Professional or doctorate degree 0.030 0.009 −0.038 0.082 0.075 −0.157 0.132 0.084 −0.216 −0.023 −0.008 0.031 0.111 0.080 −0.191
White, non‐Hispanic −0.031 −0.008 0.039 −0.087 0.004 0.083 −0.002 0.000 0.002 −0.002 −0.002 0.003 −0.041 −0.020 0.061
Black, non‐Hispanic −0.095 −0.079 0.174 −0.078 −0.061 0.139 −0.104 −0.023 0.127 0.010 0.008 −0.018 −0.072 −0.062 0.134
Household size = 2 −0.019 −0.007 0.026 0.019 0.003 −0.022 0.030 0.000 −0.030 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.026 0.017 −0.043
Household size = 3 −0.011 −0.004 0.015 −0.020 −0.008 0.028 0.026 0.000 −0.026 0.024 0.019 −0.043 0.011 0.008 −0.019
Household size = 4 0.051 0.006 −0.057 0.006 0.001 −0.007 0.081 −0.011 −0.071 0.039 0.027 −0.066 0.015 0.011 −0.026
Household size = 5 0.008 0.002 −0.010 −0.037 −0.021 0.058 −0.039 −0.009 0.048 0.015 0.013 −0.029 0.148 0.046 −0.194
Household size = 6 −0.069 −0.045 0.114 −0.002 −0.001 0.003 0.001 0.000 −0.001 0.078 0.035 −0.114 −0.054 −0.058 0.112
Household size = 7 0.086 0.003 −0.088 0.004 0.001 −0.005 0.077 −0.009 −0.068 0.075 0.035 −0.110 0.131 0.046 −0.177
Household size = 8 0.832 −0.552 −0.280 −0.125 −0.686 0.811 0.811 −0.582 −0.230 −0.097 −0.592 0.689 −0.139 −0.388 0.527
Household size = 9 0.117 −0.005 −0.112 0.094 −0.011 −0.083 0.460 −0.256 −0.205 −0.029 −0.040 0.069 0.030 0.020 −0.050
Household size = 10 0.038 0.006 −0.044 −0.049 −0.034 0.082 0.018 0.000 −0.018 0.209 0.000 −0.209 −0.139 −0.388 0.527
Household with children −0.110 −0.085 0.195 −0.068 −0.039 0.107 −0.088 −0.010 0.098 −0.055 −0.069 0.124 −0.046 −0.034 0.080
Democrat −0.007 −0.002 0.009 −0.003 −0.001 0.004 0.023 −0.002 −0.021 0.022 0.017 −0.039 0.024 0.014 −0.038
Republican 0.022 0.007 −0.028 −0.006 −0.001 0.007 −0.018 0.001 0.017 0.075 0.048 −0.123 0.067 0.035 −0.102
Phoenix resident 0.023 0.008 −0.031 0.032 0.007 −0.039 −0.030 0.002 0.027 0.034 0.029 −0.062 0.035 0.021 −0.055
$10,000–$19,999 0.173 0.091 −0.264 0.083 0.017 −0.101 0.135 −0.061 −0.074 −0.026 −0.021 0.047 0.010 0.004 −0.014
$20,000–$29,999 0.113 0.091 −0.205 0.002 0.002 −0.003 −0.025 0.005 0.019 0.001 0.001 −0.002 0.022 0.007 −0.028
$30,000–$39,999 0.079 0.081 −0.160 0.043 0.019 −0.062 −0.047 0.008 0.039 0.007 0.004 −0.010 0.030 0.009 −0.038
$40,000–$49,999 0.105 0.090 −0.195 0.025 0.014 −0.039 −0.109 −0.001 0.110 −0.017 −0.012 0.029 0.000 0.000 −0.001
$50,000–$59,999 0.154 0.093 −0.247 0.115 0.008 −0.124 −0.031 0.006 0.024 0.045 0.015 −0.060 −0.042 −0.021 0.062
$60,000–$69,999 0.080 0.082 −0.162 0.033 0.017 −0.049 −0.041 0.007 0.034 −0.011 −0.007 0.018 −0.085 −0.057 0.142
$70,000–$79,999 0.024 0.037 −0.061 −0.010 −0.009 0.018 −0.083 0.006 0.077 −0.017 −0.013 0.029 −0.056 −0.031 0.086
$80,000–$89,999 0.122 0.093 −0.215 0.038 0.018 −0.056 −0.025 0.005 0.020 −0.067 −0.092 0.159 −0.053 −0.029 0.082
$90,000–$99,999 0.094 0.087 −0.181 0.037 0.018 −0.054 0.008 −0.002 −0.006 −0.023 −0.019 0.042 −0.028 −0.013 0.041
$100,000–$149,999 0.090 0.085 −0.176 0.036 0.017 −0.054 −0.036 0.007 0.029 −0.011 −0.008 0.019 −0.087 −0.059 0.146
More than $150,000 0.065 0.073 −0.138 0.026 0.015 −0.041 −0.103 0.001 0.102 −0.039 −0.038 0.078 −0.019 −0.008 0.027
Furloughed due to COVID‐19 0.038 0.008 −0.046 −0.008 −0.002 0.010 −0.085 −0.015 0.100 0.000 0.000 0.000 −0.049 −0.039 0.088
Received stimulus check 0.028 0.011 −0.038 −0.017 −0.003 0.020 −0.004 0.000 0.004 −0.002 −0.001 0.003 −0.012 −0.007 0.019
Visited food pantry in past 30 days −0.061 −0.037 0.098 −0.085 −0.080 0.165 −0.075 −0.005 0.080 −0.053 −0.082 0.134 0.092 0.028 −0.121
On SNAP −0.042 −0.020 0.062 −0.035 −0.010 0.044 −0.077 −0.007 0.084 −0.033 −0.032 0.065 0.004 0.003 −0.006
Shopped less often 0.007 0.003 −0.010 0.014 0.004 −0.018 0.030 −0.001 −0.029 −0.045 −0.032 0.077 −0.023 −0.013 0.035
Shopped more often −0.046 −0.022 0.068 −0.055 −0.027 0.082 −0.055 −0.001 0.057 −0.067 −0.093 0.160 −0.038 −0.027 0.065
Bought more −0.100 −0.040 0.140 −0.089 −0.025 0.115 −0.122 0.005 0.117 −0.099 −0.100 0.199 −0.123 −0.084 0.207
Bought what was there 0.060 0.028 −0.088 0.060 0.025 −0.084 0.058 0.000 −0.058 0.013 0.012 −0.024 0.011 0.007 −0.018
Stockpiled −0.027 −0.010 0.037 −0.043 −0.013 0.056 −0.088 0.000 0.088 0.004 0.003 −0.008 −0.024 −0.015 0.039
Ate from stockpile and restocked −0.008 −0.003 0.011 0.004 0.001 −0.005 0.020 −0.001 −0.019 −0.021 −0.018 0.039 −0.017 −0.010 0.027
Ate from stockpile without restocking 0.015 0.005 −0.019 −0.001 0.000 0.002 0.011 −0.001 −0.010 −0.022 −0.021 0.043 −0.010 −0.006 0.015
Fast food Frozen food Canned food Prepped meals Bottled water
Eat… Less Same More Less Same More Less Same More Less Same More Less Same More
Age 0.002 −0.001 −0.001 0.002 0.001 −0.003 0.001 0.000 −0.001 0.001 0.000 −0.001 0.002 0.001 −0.002
Female 0.005 −0.002 −0.003 0.015 0.005 −0.020 0.045 0.014 −0.060 0.032 −0.006 −0.027 0.013 0.007 −0.020
High school graduate 0.260 −0.093 −0.167 0.175 0.317 −0.492 0.065 0.073 −0.138 0.288 0.038 −0.326 −0.022 −0.020 0.042
Some college 0.168 −0.050 −0.118 0.159 0.313 −0.472 0.124 0.088 −0.212 0.210 0.062 −0.272 0.005 0.004 −0.009
Two year degree 0.148 −0.041 −0.106 0.117 0.294 −0.411 0.045 0.060 −0.104 0.181 0.067 −0.248 −0.001 −0.001 0.001
Four year degree 0.116 −0.030 −0.086 0.157 0.313 −0.470 0.090 0.084 −0.173 0.158 0.069 −0.227 0.028 0.015 −0.043
Professional or doctorate degree 0.134 −0.036 −0.098 0.153 0.311 −0.464 0.081 0.081 −0.161 0.218 0.061 −0.278 0.064 0.025 −0.089
White, non‐Hispanic 0.111 −0.039 −0.072 −0.060 −0.011 0.070 −0.071 −0.008 0.078 −0.034 0.007 0.027 −0.085 −0.021 0.106
Black, non‐Hispanic 0.045 −0.019 −0.026 −0.015 −0.006 0.021 −0.078 −0.056 0.134 −0.085 0.005 0.080 −0.088 −0.091 0.179
Household size = 2 −0.005 0.002 0.003 0.033 0.014 −0.046 0.004 0.002 −0.006 −0.031 0.009 0.022 −0.010 −0.004 0.014
Household size = 3 −0.075 0.029 0.046 0.042 0.016 −0.058 0.050 0.010 −0.061 −0.055 0.015 0.040 −0.046 −0.026 0.072
Household size = 4 −0.178 0.056 0.122 0.018 0.009 −0.027 0.017 0.006 −0.023 −0.168 0.011 0.157 −0.033 −0.016 0.049
Household size = 5 −0.061 0.024 0.036 0.008 0.004 −0.012 −0.023 −0.013 0.035 −0.174 0.009 0.165 −0.112 −0.135 0.247
Household size = 6 0.151 −0.080 −0.071 0.047 0.017 −0.063 0.026 0.008 −0.033 −0.252 −0.048 0.301 0.112 −0.003 −0.109
Household size = 7 0.189 −0.104 −0.085 0.364 −0.108 −0.255 0.265 −0.077 −0.189 0.229 −0.124 −0.106 0.195 −0.037 −0.158
Household size = 8 0.409 −0.274 −0.135 −0.140 −0.533 0.673 −0.140 −0.599 0.740 0.226 −0.121 −0.104 −0.159 −0.567 0.726
Household size = 9 0.409 −0.274 −0.135 0.185 −0.005 −0.179 0.134 −0.007 −0.127 0.318 −0.189 −0.129 0.040 0.007 −0.047
Household size = 10 −0.591 −0.274 0.865 0.120 0.014 −0.135 −0.009 −0.004 0.014 −0.168 0.011 0.157 0.120 −0.005 −0.114
Household with children −0.033 0.013 0.020 −0.062 −0.033 0.095 −0.074 −0.044 0.118 −0.002 0.000 0.002 −0.021 −0.012 0.033
Democrat 0.046 −0.019 −0.027 0.012 0.004 −0.016 −0.021 −0.007 0.029 0.030 −0.005 −0.024 −0.056 −0.034 0.089
Republican 0.052 −0.021 −0.031 0.084 0.017 −0.102 0.035 0.009 −0.043 0.065 −0.014 −0.051 −0.019 −0.010 0.030
Phoenix resident −0.106 0.042 0.064 −0.039 −0.013 0.052 −0.025 −0.008 0.033 −0.048 0.008 0.040 −0.062 −0.031 0.092
$10,000–$19,999 0.056 −0.019 −0.037 −0.063 0.001 0.062 0.056 0.058 −0.113 −0.014 0.004 0.011 −0.042 −0.076 0.118
$20,000–$29,999 −0.141 0.025 0.116 −0.093 −0.007 0.100 0.071 0.065 −0.135 −0.033 0.008 0.025 0.018 0.019 −0.037
$30,000–$39,999 0.155 −0.063 −0.092 −0.076 −0.002 0.077 0.090 0.070 −0.160 −0.059 0.012 0.047 0.075 0.048 −0.122
$40,000–$49,999 −0.033 0.009 0.024 −0.090 −0.006 0.095 0.053 0.056 −0.110 −0.060 0.012 0.047 0.056 0.042 −0.098
$50,000–$59,999 0.046 −0.015 −0.031 −0.134 −0.032 0.166 0.084 0.069 −0.153 −0.124 0.011 0.113 0.055 0.041 −0.096
$60,000–$69,999 0.017 −0.005 −0.012 −0.068 0.000 0.067 0.069 0.064 −0.132 0.032 −0.011 −0.022 0.089 0.051 −0.139
$70,000–$79,999 0.084 −0.030 −0.053 −0.084 −0.004 0.088 0.081 0.068 −0.149 −0.055 0.012 0.043 0.046 0.037 −0.083
$80,000–$89,999 0.085 −0.031 −0.054 −0.109 −0.015 0.124 0.044 0.050 −0.094 −0.025 0.006 0.019 0.009 0.010 −0.019
$90,000–$99,999 0.244 −0.113 −0.131 −0.056 0.002 0.054 0.110 0.072 −0.183 0.034 −0.011 −0.023 0.113 0.052 −0.165
$100,000–$149,999 0.101 −0.038 −0.063 −0.102 −0.011 0.113 0.077 0.067 −0.143 −0.061 0.012 0.049 0.028 0.026 −0.054
More than $150,000 0.114 −0.043 −0.070 −0.049 0.003 0.047 0.126 0.072 −0.198 −0.016 0.004 0.012 0.091 0.051 −0.142
Furloughed due to COVID‐19 0.051 −0.022 −0.029 −0.008 −0.003 0.011 0.071 0.004 −0.075 −0.144 −0.014 0.158 −0.006 −0.003 0.009
Received stimulus check −0.028 0.011 0.016 0.007 0.002 −0.009 −0.029 −0.007 0.036 −0.020 0.004 0.017 −0.013 −0.006 0.019
Visited food pantry in past 30 days 0.072 −0.032 −0.041 0.008 0.004 −0.012 −0.032 −0.018 0.050 −0.077 −0.008 0.086 −0.073 −0.066 0.139
On SNAP −0.164 0.051 0.112 0.032 0.009 −0.040 0.050 0.012 −0.061 −0.053 −0.001 0.054 0.013 0.016 −0.029
Shopped less often 0.084 −0.032 −0.052 −0.043 −0.012 0.055 −0.044 −0.011 0.054 0.039 −0.006 −0.033 −0.034 −0.015 0.049
Shopped more often −0.237 0.071 0.166 −0.059 −0.030 0.089 −0.003 −0.001 0.004 −0.080 0.008 0.072 −0.069 −0.055 0.124
Bought more 0.078 −0.031 −0.047 −0.040 −0.014 0.054 −0.053 −0.017 0.070 −0.010 0.002 0.009 −0.102 −0.057 0.159
Bought what was there 0.045 −0.017 −0.028 −0.025 −0.007 0.032 −0.050 −0.010 0.059 0.007 −0.001 −0.006 0.022 0.013 −0.035
Stockpiled −0.074 0.029 0.046 −0.063 −0.027 0.090 −0.068 −0.029 0.097 −0.056 0.008 0.048 0.003 0.001 −0.004
Ate from stockpile and restocked 0.038 −0.015 −0.023 −0.030 −0.009 0.039 −0.001 0.000 0.001 0.007 −0.001 −0.006 0.018 0.009 −0.027
Ate from stockpile without restocking −0.124 0.044 0.080 0.026 0.007 −0.034 −0.020 −0.007 0.027 −0.056 0.007 0.048 −0.040 −0.025 0.066

Note: Bold indicates significance at the 90% confidence level at least.