Table 3.

Five Distinct Hallmarks of Viability for the Crisis Management System

Hallmarks	VSM	Viable System
Anticipation and monitoring	S4 S3*	Crisis preparation is about bottom‐up strategy formation, with the iterative linear planning process, driven by an interest in understanding a situation and imaginative visioning and learning.
Leadership and decision making	S5	Relies on several critical groups and organisations to play their parts in a concerted and sustained manner.
Collaboration and joint effort	S3	The collaborative processes founded on a shared vision, consultation to obtain feedback, shared information, and a mutual agreement.
Coordination structure	S2	Participants work jointly toward a common end, as well as functioning together that allows mutual adaptation and adjustment.
Crisis communication	S1	An operational resilience‐oriented communication strategy. Openly, proactively, directly and honestly communicating with the public about what is known/unknown, which action is being done, what is to be done, etc. The goal is to protect people.