. 2020 Dec 28;31(1):7–25. doi: 10.1111/ina.12770

Table 3.

The characteristics of the artificially produced jets and the measured parameters

Measurement technique	Article	Exhalation mode	Manikin properties			Generated jet				Main studied parameters
Measurement technique	Article	Exhalation mode	Opening area	Thermal load	Body thermal temperature (°C)	Continuity or frequency	Flow rate or velocity	Flow shape	Temperature °C	Main studied parameters
Visualization	Liu and Novoselac ²¹	Coughing	Circular tube of 2.4 cm inner diameter	45 W		1 times/s	*initial velocity = 6.08 m/s	Square wave		Propagation distance Spreading rate
Pointwise anemometry	Liu and Novoselac ²¹	Coughing	Circular tube of 2.4 cm inner diameter	45 W		1 times/s	*initial velocity = 6.08 m/s	Square wave		Comparison between steady jet and cough jet in terms of Centerline velocity Velocity profile
	Xu et al ³⁵	Breathing	Mouth: 120 mm² (semi ellipsoid)	70 W·m²		15.5 times/min	8.8 L/min		34	Effect of body metabolic rate and ventilation on velocity profile Centerline velocity
	Xu et al ³⁵	Breathing	Nose: 2 tubes, 12 mm diameter	70 W·m²		15.5 times/min	8.8 L/min		34
	Xu et al ³⁴	Breathing	Mouth: 120 mm² (semi ellipsoid)	70 W·m²		15.5 times/min	8.8 L/min		34	Comparison between human and manikin breathing in terms of: velocity profile Centerline velocity
	Xu et al ³⁴	Breathing	Nose: 2 tubes, 12 mm diameter	70 W·m²		15.5 times/min	8.8 L/min		34
PIV	Feng et al ²⁹	Breathing	12 mm diameter	75 W	32‐36	15 time/min	0.45 L/exhalation time		34	Velocity field Flow shape Vorticity Centerline Velocity Turbulence intensity
	Berlangaet al. ³¹	Breathing	Mouth:122 mm² (circular)	128 W	34	16.43 & 13.7 times/min	9.46 & 7.52 L/min		34	Velocity field Flow shape Jet spread angle vorticity Centerline Velocity
	Jiang et al ³⁰	Breathing	Nose: 12 mm diameter	75 W		15 times/min	0.45 L/time	Sinusoidal	34	Velocity field Spatial distribution of the turbulence intensity Effect of the body thermal plume.