Figure 1.
Directed acyclic graph showing causal relationships between exposures, outcomes, and (a) confounders and (b) colliders
Official websites use .gov
A
.gov website belongs to an official
government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you've safely
connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive
information only on official, secure websites.