(a) Clinical trials with result disclosures

Product	Benefits for COVID-19	ClinicalTrials.gov reference number	Reference
Dexamethasone/methyl prednisolone	Corticosteroids: reduce hyperinflammation and mortality rates	NCT04445506; NCT04323592; NCT04244591; NCT04273321; NCT04374071	Gangopadhyay et al./Chroboczek et al./Ledford/Wang et al. [131–134]
Convalescent plasma	Antibodies from plasma: reduce viral load, days of hospitalization, and the number of deaths. Increase of effector T cell responses helping in viral elimination	NCT04407208; NCT04346446; NCT04441424; NCT04442958	Vabret et al./Shang et al. [30, 108]
Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine	Antiviral compounds with immunomodulatory effect: without proven effectiveness or potential benefit in COVID-19	NCT04307693; NCT04261517; NCT04434144; NCT04345861; NCT04376814; NCT04343768; NCT04423991; NCT04389320; NCT04441424; NCT04308668; NCT04323592; NCT04306497; NCT04362332; NCT04342650; NCT04323527; NCT04358068; NCT04321278; NCT04333654; NCT04475588; NCT04453501; NCT04308668; NCT04304053	Vabret et al./Zhang et al. [30, 111]
Ivermectin	Antiviral compounds with immunomodulatory effect: reduce mortality rates. Possible effect on raising antibody production and leukocytes	NCT04343092; NCT04434144	Rajter et al. [114]
Oseltamivir	Antiviral compounds with immunomodulatory effect: reduce the hospitalization days for COVID-19 patients	NCT04349241	Coenen et al. [119]
Interferon β-1b	Cytokine-directed therapy: combined with other antivirals, reduces the duration of viral shedding, days of hospitalization and mitigation of symptoms	NCT04343768; NCT04276688	Shalhoub [125]
Anti-IL-6 and anti-IL-6R (Tocilizumab/Siltuximab)	Inhibition/blockade of immune response pathways: combined with other antivirals, presented resolution on lung opacities on chest computed tomography and hospital discharge using tocilizumab	NCT04331795; NCT04346355; NCT04322188	Xu et al. [138]
Heparin	Anticoagulants: a preliminary study with D-dimer elevation levels, high platelet count in severe COVID-19	NCT04412304	Zhang et al. [111]
Azithromycin	Antibiotics: used as an adjuvant in therapies with antiviral drugs and immunomodulatory components to avoid secondary infections in hospitalized patients, with good results in mortality reduction and intubation shortening time	NCT04345861; NCT04434144; NCT04343092; NCT04441424; NCT04358068; NCT04321278; NCT04453501	Saghazadeh and Rezaei/Falsenstein et al. [142, 153]
Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)	Immune cell-based therapy: results showed a reduction of pulmonary edema and decreased circulating proinflammatory cytokines and mortality rates	ChiCTR2000029990	Zhang et al./ Leng et al. [111, 154]
Vitamin D, zinc, Traditional Chinese Medicine	Biomolecule effect on immune response: contributing to the reduction of hyper inflammation	NCT04407572; NCT04435119; NCT04306497	Zhang et al./Zhang et al./Meltzer et al. [111, 157, 158]