(b) Ongoing clinical trials

Product	Benefits for COVID-19	ClinicalTrials.gov reference number	Reference
Intravenous gamma globulin (IVIG)	Antibodies from plasma: may suppress inflammatory cytokines and modulate T cell responses	NCT04411667; NCT04403269; NCT04400058	Zhang et al. [111]
Anti-CCR5 (Leronlimab)	Inhibition/blockade of immune response pathways: may promote monocyte and T cell recruitment in tissues in COVID-19	NCT04347239; NCT04343651	Merad and Martin [140]
Recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist (Anakinra)	Inhibition/blockade of immune response pathways: may reduce proinflammatory cytokines in COVID-19, as seen in patients with rheumatologic disorders	NCT04339712; NCT04324021; NCT04330638; NCT04443881; NCT04362943; NCT04412291; NCT04364009; NCT04357366; NCT04408326; NCT02735707; NCT04374539; NCT04278404; NCT04462757	Muskardin [139]
Anti-IFN-γ (Emapalumab)	Inhibition/blockade of immune response pathways: may reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines in COVID-19	NCT04324021	Merad and Martin [140]
Anti-GM-CSF (Lenzilumab)/GM-CSF (Sargramostim)	Inhibition/blockade of immune response pathways: may reduce proinflammatory cytokines, and promotes macrophage differentiation and survival driving to tissue repair in lungs in COVID-19	NCT04351152; NCT04326920; NCT04400929	Merad and Martin [140]
JAK/STAT inhibition (Baricitinib/Ruxolitinib)	Inhibition/blockade of immune response pathways: may induce impairment of the signaling transduction on cell immune response using bioinformatic tools	NCT04390464; NCT04321993NCT04334044; NCT04351503; NCT04377620; NCT04362137; NCT04338958; NCT04348695; NCT04403243; NCT04359290; NCT04477993	Richardson et al. [141]
Anti-C5 (Eculizumab)	Inhibition/blockade of immune response pathways: diminishing C reactive protein and shortening period of hospitalization	NCT04346797; NCT04351503	Diurno et al. [145]
Anti-TNF (Infliximab)	Inhibition/blockade of immune response pathways: cytokine profile improved with normalization of TNF-α, a decrease in IL-6, and IL-8 concentrations	NCT04425538; NCT04344249	Dolinger et al. [146]
Anti-CD147 (humanized Meplazumab)	Inhibition/blockade of immune response pathways: inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication using in vitro cell cultures, may reduce T cell activation and T cell infectivity. Reduce viral replication in humans with COVID-19	NCT04275245	Wang et al./Ulrich and Pillat [147, 149]
rhACE2	Inhibition/blockade of immune response pathways: inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication as well as may control immune cell response	NCT04335136	Zhang et al./Tu et al. [111, 150]
Natural killer cells (NK)	Immune cell-based therapy: may help in elimination of infected cells	NCT04365101; NCT04280224NCT04324996; NCT04375176	Zhang et al./Tu et al. [111, 150]
Biomolecules: vitamin C, melatonin, nitric oxide (iNO)	Immunomodulatory effects of biomolecules: may contribute to reducing hyperinflammation and prevention of hypoxic respiratory failure	NCT04323514; NCT04357782; NCT04370288; NCT04328961; NCT04354428; NCT04264533; NCT04409522; NCT04353128; NCT04446104; NCT04326725; NCT04360980; NCT04368897; NCT04388683; NCT04338828; NCT04305457; NCT04337918; NCT04306393; NCT04312243; NCT04445246; NCT04334512; NCT03680274; NCT04335084; NCT04468139; NCT04421508; NCT04397692	Zhang et al./Tu et al./Zhang et al./Parikh et al. [111, 150, 157, 159]
Atazanavir	Antiviral compounds with immunomodulatory effect: reduce viral load and proinflammatory cytokines using in vitro cell cultivation with SARS-CoV-2	NCT04452565	Merad and Martin [140]
Humanized monoclonal antibody to P-selectin (Crizanlizumab)	Anticoagulants: anti-P-selectin may help to maintain the hemostatic homeostasis, being an essential cofactor for the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation	NCT04435184	Neri et al. [103]
CAR-T cell therapy	Immunotherapeutic approaches with similarities to other immunopathological diseases: may help the elimination of infected cells	NCT04474067	Bachanova et al./Ljungman et al. [155, 156]