Table 5.

Main reasons for failing to apply important biosecurity measures according to farmers (from focus group discussions)

Measures that were difficult to implement by farmers	Reasons given for not implementing the measures
Construction of fences/pig structures/housing	High financial cost Lack of knowledge on design of appropriate pig house
Limiting visitors from going to the pig units	Community stigma No means for estimating pig weight at selling
Disposing of dead pigs by burying	Lack of land to bury carcasses; their piece of land is either small or rented. Some communities consume the dead pigs Requires labour
Disposing of dead pigs by burning	High financial cost (requires fuel) Safety issues (fear of bush fire) Environmental pollution (because of the smoke)
Stopping the use of communal boars for breeding	Expensive to own and raise a boar Sociocultural barriers for keeping a boar (for those with children, they fear would make them learn bad manners when they see a boar mounting a sow)
Use of disinfectant and footbath at the farm	Expensive and not feasible for all types of keeping Sociocultural barriers (fear that it may stop people from visiting them)
Boiling swill prior feeding pigs	High financial cost (requires wood)
Isolating sick pigs from healthy ones	Farmers have small plots of land, causing limited space for extra room for pig house
Keeping away animals from the farm such as dogs and other pigs	Difficult to achieve when pigs are scavenging or tethered
Informing authorities about an ASF outbreak in an area	Limited access of farmers to veterinary authorities Slow and limited actions taken by authorities when informed about suspected outbreaks